Establishment of Normal Mechanical Tibial Joint Angles in Dachshunds

Abstract

Objective The aim of this study was to establish breed-standard mechanical tibial joint reference angles in the frontal plane in Dachshunds.

Study Design Craniocaudal (n = 38) and mediolateral (n = 32) radiographs of normal tibiae from Dachshunds were retrospectively reviewed. The mechanical medial proximal, mechanical medial distal, mechanical caudal proximal and mechanical cranial distal tibial angles were measured on three occasions by two separate observers using previously established methodology. Interclass correlation coefficient was used to assess the reliability of radiographic measurements.

Results The mean and standard deviation for mechanical medial proximal, mechanical medial distal, mechanical caudal proximal and mechanical cranial distal were 93.1 degrees ± 4.2, 97.5 degrees ± 3.9, 75.3 degrees ± 3.7 and 85.0 degrees ± 5.3 respectively. Intra-observer reliability was good to excellent for all measures, while inter-observer reliability was moderate to excellent in the frontal plane and poor to good in the sagittal plane. Dachshund-specific joint reference angles were similar to a range of previously reported non-chondrodystrophic breeds in the frontal plane but differed to most in the sagittal plane.

Conclusion Dachshund tibial joint reference angles are reported which can be used in surgical planning for correction of bilateral pes varus.

Keywords

Dachshund - pes varus - joint reference angles - mechanical tibial joint angles - angular limb deformity

Authors' Contributions

C.B. contributed to acquisition of data and data analysis and interpretation and partly wrote the manuscript. A.P. contributed to the conception of the study, study design, acquisition and interpretation of data and partly wrote the manuscript. E.K. and D.C. identified suitable cases and contributed to the manuscript. H.P. contributed to data analysis and interpretation. R.M., B.M. and M.P. contributed to the conception of the study and contributed to the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the submitted manuscript and are publically accountable for relevant content.

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 06. Juni 2020

Angenommen: 24. November 2020

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
31. Januar 2021

• References

• 1 Johnson SG, Hulse DA, Vangundy TE, Green RW. Corrective osteotomy for pes varus in the dachshund. Vet Surg 1989; 18 (05) 373-379
• 2 Hayashi K, Kapatkin AS. Tibial Deformity: Fractures of the Tibia and Fibula. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM. eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2017: 1192-1193
• 3 Petazzoni M. Pes Varus Correction. Paper presented at: 17th ESVOT Congress, October 2, 2014; Venice (Italy)
• 4 Petazzoni M, Nicetto T, Vezzoni A, Piras A, Palmer R. Treatment of pes varus using locking plate fixation in seven Dachshund dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25 (03) 231-238
• 5 Izumisawa Y, Seno T, Abe R. et al. Axial correction of pes varus by transverse-opening wedge osteotomy and T-plate fixation with beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) transplantation in dachshunds. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67 (04) 437-440
• 6 Radasch RM, Lewis DF, McDonald DE, Calfee EF, Barstad RD. Pes varus correction in Dachshunds using a hybrid external fixator. Vet Surg 2008; 37 (01) 71-81
• 7 Fox DB, Tomlinson JL, Cook JL, Breshears LM. Principles of uniapical and biapical radial deformity correction using dome osteotomies and the center of rotation of angulation methodology in dogs. Vet Surg 2006; 35 (01) 67-77
• 8 Dismukes DI, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB, Cook JL, Song KJ. Radiographic measurement of the proximal and distal mechanical joint angles in the canine tibia. Vet Surg 2007; 36 (07) 699-704
• 9 Dismukes DI, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB, Cook JL, Witsberger TH. Radiographic measurement of canine tibial angles in the sagittal plane. Vet Surg 2008; 37 (03) 300-305
• 10 Olimpo M, Piras LA, Peirone B. Pelvic limb alignment in small breed dogs: a comparison between affected and free subjects from medial patellar luxation. Vet Ital 2016; 52 (01) 45-50
• 11 Riedesel EA. Small bowel. In: Thrall DE. ed. Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology. 7th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2018: 926-954
• 12 Reif U, Probst CW. Comparison of tibial plateau angles in normal and cranial cruciate deficient stifles of Labrador retrievers. Vet Surg 2003; 32 (04) 385-389
• 13 Hoaglin DC, Iglewicz B. Fine-tuning some resistant rules for outlier labeling. J Am Stat Assoc 1987; 82(400): 1147-1149
• 14 Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 2016; 15 (02) 155-163
• 15 Phetkaew T, Kalpravidh M, Penchome R, Wangdee C. A comparison of angular values of the pelvic limb with normal and medial patellar luxation stifles in chihuahua dogs using radiography and computed tomography. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018; 31 (02) 114-123
• 16 Guénégo L, Payot M, Charru P, Verwaerde P. Comparison of tibial anatomical-mechanical axis angle between predisposed dogs and dogs at low risk for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Vet J 2017; 225: 35-41
• 17 Wilke VL, Conzemius MG, Besancon MF, Evans RB, Ritter M. Comparison of tibial plateau angle between clinically normal Greyhounds and Labrador Retrievers with and without rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221 (10) 1426-1429
• 18 Morris E, Lipowitz AJ. Comparison of tibial plateau angles in dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament injuries. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218 (03) 363-366
• 19 Fuller MC, Kapatkin AS, Bruecker KA, Holsworth IG, Kass PH, Hayashi K. Comparison of the tibial mechanical joint orientation angles in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Can Vet J 2014; 55 (08) 757-764
• 20 Guastella DB, Fox DB, Cook JL. Tibial plateau angle in four common canine breeds with cranial cruciate ligament rupture, and its relationship to meniscal tears. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2008; 21 (02) 125-128
• 21 Witsberger TH, Villamil JA, Schultz LG, Hahn AW, Cook JL. Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232 (12) 1818-1824
• 22 Kyllar M, Čížek P. Cranial cruciate ligament structure in relation to the tibial plateau slope and intercondylar notch width in dogs. J Vet Sci 2018; 19 (05) 699-707
• 23 Buote N, Fusco J, Radasch R. Age, tibial plateau angle, sex, and weight as risk factors for contralateral rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in Labradors. Vet Surg 2009; 38 (04) 481-489
• 24 Bismuth C, Ferrand FX, Millet M. et al. Comparison of radiographic measurements of the patellar tendon-tibial plateau angle with anatomical measurements in dogs. Validity of the common tangent and tibial plateau methods. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2014; 27 (03) 222-229
• 25 Allberg CM, Miles J. Measurement of patellar proximodistal positioning with limited joint-angle sensitivity. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2020; 33 (02) 96-101
• 26 Barnes DM, Anderson AA, Frost C, Barnes J. Repeatability and reproducibility of measurements of femoral and tibial alignment using computed tomography multiplanar reconstructions. Vet Surg 2015; 44 (01) 85-93
• 27 Vedrine B, Guillemot A, Fontaine D, Ragetly GR, Etchepareborde S. Comparative anatomy of the proximal tibia in healthy Labrador Retrievers and Yorkshire Terriers. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2013; 26 (04) 266-270
• 28 Longo F, Nicetto T, Banzato T. et al. Automated computation of femoral angles in dogs from three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions: comparison with manual techniques. Vet J 2018; 232: 6-12
• 29 Baroni E, Matthias RR, Marcellin-Little DJ, Vezzoni A, Stebbins ME. Comparison of radiographic assessments of the tibial plateau slope in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64 (05) 586-589
• 30 Caylor KB, Zumpano CA, Evans LM, Moore RW. Intra- and interobserver measurement variability of tibial plateau slope from lateral radiographs in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2001; 37 (03) 263-268
• 31 De Lima Dantas B, Durand A, Parkin T, Broome C. Establishment of normal anatomical radial angles in cats. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2016; 29 (04) 320-324
• 32 Grierson J, Sanders M, Guitan J, Pead M. Comparison of anatomical tibial plateau angle versus observer measurement from lateral radiographs in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2005; 18 (04) 215-219
• 33 Apelt D, Kowaleski MP, Dyce J. Comparison of computed tomographic and standard radiographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog. Vet Surg 2005; 34 (05) 457-462
• 34 Aper R, Kowaleski MP, Apelt D, Drost WT, Dyce J. Computed tomographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46 (03) 187-191