Test–Retest Reliability and Construct Validity of the German Translation of the Gait Outcome Assessment List (GOAL) Questionnaire for Children with Ambulatory Cerebral Palsy

Abstract

The Gait Outcome Assessment List (GOAL) is a patient or caregiver-reported assessment of gait-related function across different domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) developed for ambulant children with cerebral palsy (CP). So far, the questionnaire is only available in English. The aim of this study was to translate the GOAL into German and to evaluate its reliability and validity by studying the association between GOAL scores and gross motor function as categorized by the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The GOAL was administered to primary caregivers of n = 91 children and adolescents with CP (n = 32, GMFCS levels I; n = 27, GMFCS level II; and n = 32, GMFCS level III) and n = 15 patients were capable of independently completing the whole questionnaire (GMFCS level I). For assessing test–retest reliability, the questionnaire was completed for a second time 2 weeks after the first by the caregivers of n = 36 patients. Mean total GOAL scores decreased significantly with increasing GMFCS levels with scores of 71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66.90–74.77) for GMFCS level I, 56 (95% CI: 50.98–61.86) for GMFCS level II, and 45 (95% CI: 40.58–48.48) for GMFCS level III, respectively. In three out of seven domains, caregivers rated their children significantly lower than children rated themselves. The test–retest reliability was excellent as was internal consistency given the GOAL total score. The German GOAL may serve as a much needed patient-reported outcome measure of gait-related function in ambulant children and adolescents with CP.

Keywords

cerebral palsy - gait outcome assessment list - gait function - patient reported outcome measure - questionnaire

^# Those authors contributed equally.

^* Those authors contributed equally.

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 08. Juni 2020

Angenommen: 15. Oktober 2020

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
21. Dezember 2021

• References

• 1 Jonsson U, Eek MN, Sunnerhagen KS, Himmelmann K. Cerebral palsy prevalence, subtypes, and associated impairments: a population-based comparison study of adults and children. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61 (10) 1162-1167
• 2 Sellier E, McIntyre S, Smithers-Sheedy H, Platt MJ. Scpe, groups A. European and Australian cerebral palsy surveillance networks working together for collaborative research. Neuropediatrics 2020; 51 (02) 105-112
• 3 Himmelmann K, Uvebrant P. The panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden part XII shows that patterns changed in the birth years 2007-2010. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107 (03) 462-468
• 4 Oskoui M, Coutinho F, Dykeman J, Jetté N, Pringsheim T. An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55 (06) 509-519
• 5 Colver A, Fairhurst C, Pharoah PO. Cerebral palsy. Lancet 2014; 383 (9924): 1240-1249
• 6 Michael-Asalu A, Taylor G, Campbell H, Lelea LL, Kirby RS. Cerebral palsy: diagnosis, epidemiology, genetics, and clinical update. Adv Pediatr 2019; 66: 189-208
• 7 Novak I, Hines M, Goldsmith S, Barclay R. Clinical prognostic messages from a systematic review on cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2012; 130 (05) e1285-e1312
• 8 Graham HK, Rosenbaum P, Paneth N. et al. Cerebral palsy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2: 15082
• 9 dos Santos AN, Pavão SL, de Campos AC, Rocha NA. International classification of functioning, disability and health in children with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil 2012; 34 (12) 1053-1058
• 10 Schiariti V, Mahdi S, Bölte S. International classification of functioning, disability and health core sets for cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60 (09) 933-941
• 11 Novak I, Morgan C, Fahey M. et al. State of the evidence traffic lights 2019: systematic review of interventions for preventing and treating children with cerebral palsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 20 (02) 3
• 12 Schiariti V, Klassen AF, Cieza A. et al. Comparing contents of outcome measures in cerebral palsy using the International Classification of Functioning (ICF-CY): a systematic review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014; 18 (01) 1-12
• 13 Narayanan UG. Management of children with ambulatory cerebral palsy: an evidence-based review. J Pediatr Orthop 2012; 32 (Suppl. 02) S172-S181
• 14 Franki I, De Cat J, Deschepper E. et al. A clinical decision framework for the identification of main problems and treatment goals for ambulant children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil 2014; 35 (05) 1160-1176
• 15 Gross PH, Bailes AF, Horn SD, Hurvitz EA, Kean J, Shusterman M. cerebral palsy research network. Setting a patient-centered research agenda for cerebral palsy: a participatory action research initiative. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60 (12) 1278-1284
• 16 Thomason P, Tan A, Donnan A, Rodda J, Graham HK, Narayanan U. The Gait outcomes assessment list (GOAL): validation of a new assessment of gait function for children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60 (06) 618-623
• 17 Narayanan U, Davidson B, Weir S. Gait outcomes assessment list (the GOAL): developing a meaningful outcome measure for ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2011; 53 (Suppl. 05) 79
• 18 Narayanan U, Moline R, Encisa C, Yeung C, Weir S. Validation of the GOAL questionnaire: an outcome measure for ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57 (S5): 29
• 19 Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46 (12) 1417-1432
• 20 Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997; 39 (04) 214-223
• 21 Jeglinsky I, Kaakkuriniemi E, Veijola A, Kiviranta T. Profiles of functioning of children with cerebral palsy in Finland: analysis of multi-professional family meetings. Disabil Rehabil 2019; Nov 22: 1-7
• 22 Øien I, Fallang B, Østensjø S. Goal-setting in paediatric rehabilitation: perceptions of parents and professional. Child Care Health Dev 2010; 36 (04) 558-565
• 23 Jeglinsky I, Brogren Carlberg E, Autti-Rämö I. How are actual needs recognized in the content and goals of written rehabilitation plans?. Disabil Rehabil 2014; 36 (06) 441-451
• 24 van Bommel EEH, Arts MME, Jongerius PH, Ratter J, Rameckers EAA. Physical therapy treatment in children with cerebral palsy after single-event multilevel surgery: a qualitative systematic review. A first step towards a clinical guideline for physical therapy after single-event multilevel surgery. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10: 2040622319854241