Neue Psychoaktive Substanzen (NPS) – neue Anforderungen an das Suchthilfesystem?

Zusammenfassung

Ziel und Methode: Informationen aus der Berichterstattung der EMCDDA und aus internationalen wissenschaftlichen Publikationen werden herangezogen, um mögliche Schäden durch „Neue psychoaktive Substanzen“ (NPS) zu beschreiben und daraus resultierende Anforderungen an das Suchthilfesystem zu diskutieren.

Ergebnisse: Während NPS als „legale Drogen“ eine Reihe rechtlicher Gemeinsamkeiten aufweisen, sind sie in Bezug auf Konsumrisiken, Konsumentengruppen und Anforderungen an die Suchthilfe recht heterogen. Interventionen müssen sich daher eher an Substanzgruppen als am Oberbegriff orientieren.

Die Prävalenz des Konsums von NPS ist insgesamt sehr niedrig, jedoch in bestimmten Gruppen deutlich erhöht. Risiken und Schäden umfassen ein weites Spektrum an somatischen und psychischen Effekten bis hin zu Todesfällen, sind aber oft mit polytoxem Konsum verbunden. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass die Substanz insbesondere in der Akutversorgung oft unklar und ihre Effekte und entsprechende spezifische Behandlungsansätze oft wenig erforscht sind.

Schlussfolgerungen: Unter aktuellen Bedingungen empfiehlt sich der Einsatz von Elementen guter klinischer und akutmedizinischer Praxis, angepasst an die individuellen Bedingungen und ergänzt um spezifische Elemente, wo dies möglich ist. Der schnelle Wechsel der Substanzen erfordert dabei eine Beschleunigung des Informationsflusses. Das Hilfesystem sollte hierzu noch stärker als bisher seine Kontakte zu diversen Netzwerken nutzen.

Abstract

Aims and method: Information from EMCDDA monitoring and international scientific publications are used to describe possible harms through “new psychoactive substances” (NPS) and to draw some conclusions on requests to the addiction care system resulting from that.

Results: While NPS as “legal drugs” share a number of legal communalities they are quite heterogeneous when it comes to consumption risks, user groups and request to addiction care. It might be more adequate therefore to discuss interventions on the background of substance groups instead of making reference to the generic term.

Overall the prevalence of NPS use is very low, elevated however in specific groups. While risks and harms include a wide variety of somatic and psychological effects including death cases, often multiple drug use is taking place. The situation is getting even more complicated by the fact that the substance itself, especially in emergency care, often is unclear and little evidence is available on effects and specific interventions.

Conclusions: Under given conditions it seems recommended to use elements of good clinical and emergency care practice, adapted to individual conditions and complemented with specific elements where possible. The ever changing substances require to speed up also the information flow. The system of health and social care should – even more than in the past – use its contacts to different networks for this purpose.

Schlüsselwörter:

Neue psychoaktive Substanzen - NPS - Prävalenz - Schäden - Behandlung

Key words

new psychoactive substances - NPS - prevalence - harms - treatment

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