Herpes simplex tonsillitis - a rare differential diagnosis of acute tonsillitis

Introduction Acute tonsillitis is a common clinical disease in the form of a feverish, self-limiting infection. It is primarily of viral origin; the most common bacterial pathogens are beta-hemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group A.

Case Report A 26-year-old patient presented with progressive sore throat, dysphagia, odynophagia and fever. An oral penicillin therapy has had no effect. No stridor. In the clinical examination there were kissing tonsils with smeary, whitish patches without an abscess formation.

As oral ingestion was impossible and due to clinical suspicion of an Epstein-Barr tonsillitis, the patient was admitted to the hospital. The serology seemed to confirm the suspected diagnosis; it was positive for anti-VCA IgM/IgG and anti-EBNA-1 IgG with negative anti-ZEBRA IgM.

Due to progressive dyspnea, tonsillectomy and adenotomy were performed. Postoperatively, the patient had a 15 second asystole with prolonged syncope. A long-term ECG showed a new, questionably virus-induced AV block type II Mobitz. An event recorder was implanted.

The histological examination revealed a florid tonsillitis with necrosis. The in-situ hybridization was only able to find isolated EBV-positive cells. In the area of the necrosis, cytoplasmic strongly stained cells for HSV-coded antigens could be detected. The Herpes serology showed HSV-1/2-IgM/IgG, which verified the acute HSV infection.

Conclusion The clinical picture and course indicated an acute EBV infection. Only the histological examination led to the diagnosis of a rare Herpes simplex tonsillitis. The case proves the great importance of histological exploration even in the case of seemingly minor illnesses, because only this made a personalised therapy possible.

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Artikel online veröffentlicht:
13. Mai 2021