Subscribe to RSS
![](/products/assets/desktop/img/oa-logo.png)
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728731
Assessment of the Utility of Plusoptix A09 Handheld Photo-refractometer in Screening Refractory Errors and Amblyopia in Children
Funding The research was funded by the Research Projects Unit with project number 2012/151.![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/10.1055-s-00033103/202101/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0041-1728731_2100014-1.jpg)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to find out the frequency of anisometropic amblyopia in children and to increase awareness about this disease. All children between the ages of 4 and 10 years who were attending 11 kindergarten and primary schools determined by provincial directorate for national education in the center of Malatya were included. A screening team including interns and a resident from the Department of Pediatrics have used Plusoptix A09 handheld photo-refractometer device for detecting amblyopia and its reasons. A total of 7,000 students were screened. The mean age of the students was 7.4 ± 2 years. Amblyopia was suspected in 357 cases with the Plusoptix S09 screening. After eye examinations performed by an ophthalmologist, 303 cases were found to have pathologic eye examination. Amblyopia was found in 67 (18.8%) of the 303 cases, and anisometropic amblyopia was found in 59 of 67 cases. As a result of the screening, sensitivity of Plusoptix A09 was found to be 88.1%, while its specificity was found to be 88.6%. Its positive predictive value was found to be 64.0% and its negative predictive value was found to be 97.0%. We believe that with screenings performed by health professionals who are given short-term training by using a device that can conduct remote measurements, detection of anisometropic amblyopia, which is the most frequent reason for amblyopia, can be done in a fast and relatively less expensive way and with the minimum number of specialist physician required. This way, children with amblyopia can reach the ophthalmologist earlier for treatment.
Author Contributions
The contributions of the authors are as follows—concept: M. S. S. and C. Y.; design: C. Y. and S. D.; supervision: C. Y.; data collection and/or processing: M. S. S. and S. D.; analysis and/or interpretation: S. D. and M. S. S; literature review: M. S. S. and C. Y.; writing: M. S. S. and C. Y.; critical review: C. Y. and S. D.
Publication History
Received: 28 January 2021
Accepted: 09 March 2021
Article published online:
01 June 2021
© 2021. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 Mazow ML, Chuang A, Vital MC, Prager T. 1999 Costenbader Lecture. Outcome study in amblyopia: treatment and practice pattern variations. J AAPOS 2000; 4 (01) 1-9
- 2 Ekinci ÖF, Mirza E, Telcioğlu G, Doğu S. Kayseri ili merkez ilkokullarında kırma kusurları, şaşılık, ambliyopi ve konverjans yetmezliği yönünden bir araştırma. 23. Ulusal Türk Oft Kong Bült Adana, 1989: 392-395
- 3 Ozan N, Ökten Z, Erda S. İlkokul çocuklarında ambliyopi sıklığı nedenleri. 20. Ulusal Türk Oftalmoloji Kongre Bülteni, Bursa, 1987: 323-326
- 4 Erdem Ü, Mutlu MF. Okul öncesi çocuklarda ambliyopi prevalansı ve nedenlerinin araştırılması. Turk Silahli Kuvvetleri Koruyucu Hekim Bul 2004; 3: 9
- 5 Akyol N, Sezer E, Aslan L, Oğuzöncül F, Dinç E. Elazığ il merkezinde ambliyopi ve ambliyojenik faktörlerin prevalansı üzerine bir çalışma. Türkiye Klinikleri Oftalmoloji 2000; 9: 77-82
- 6 Sanaç AŞ. Ambliyopi ve tedavisi. Şaşılık ve tedavisi. In: 2. baskı. Ankara: Pelin Ofset ve Tipo Matbaacılık; 2001: 75-121 , 235–267
- 7 Gunter K, von Noorden GK. Esodeviations. Binocular vision and ocular motility. Saint Louis: 1995: 290-335
- 8 von Noorden GK. Amblyopia: a multidisciplinary approach. Proctor lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985; 26 (12) 1704-1716
- 9 Sjöstrand J, Abrahamsson M. Risk factors in amblyopia. Eye (Lond) 1990; 4 (Pt 6): 787-793
- 10 Barnes GR, Hess RF, Dumoulin SO, Achtman RL, Pike GB. The cortical deficit in humans with strabismic amblyopia. J Physiol 2001; 533 (Pt 1): 281-297
- 11 Campos E. Amblyopia. Surv Ophthalmol 1995; 40 (01) 23-39
- 12 Dandona R, Dandona L. Refractive error blindness. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79 (03) 237-243
- 13 Koçak G, Duranoğlu Y. Ambliyopi ve Tedavisi. Turk J Ophthalmol 2014; 44: 228-236
- 14 Turaçli ME, Aktan SG, Dürük K. Ophthalmic screening of school children in Ankara. Eur J Ophthalmol 1995; 5 (03) 181-186
- 15 Kalikivayi V, Naduvilath TJ, Bansal AK, Dandona L. Visual impairment in school children in southern India. Indian J Ophthalmol 1997; 45 (02) 129-134
- 16 Yazawa K, Suga J, Wakita S, Sumitomo M, Uemura Y. The Tokyo Metropolitan home vision screening program for amblyopia in 3-year-old children. Am J Ophthalmol 1992; 114 (04) 416-419
- 17 Helveston EM. The incidence of amblyopia ex anopsia in young adult males in Minnesota in 1962–63. Am J Ophthalmol 1965; 60: 75-77
- 18 Hopkisson B, Clarke JR, Oelman BJ. Residual amblyopia in recruits to the British Army. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285 (6346): 940
- 19 Attebo K, Mitchell P, Cumming R, Smith W, Jolly N, Sparkes R. Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in an adult population. Ophthalmology 1998; 105 (01) 154-159
- 20 Juárez-Muñoz IE, Rodríguez-Godoy ME, Guadarrama-Sotelo ME, Guerrero-Anaya M, Mejía-Arangúre JM, Sciandra-Rico M. Incidence of common ophthalmological disorders in preschool children in Mexico City [in Spanish]. Salud Publica Mex 1996; 38 (03) 212-216
- 21 Rahi JS, Williams C, Bedford H, Elliman D. Screening and surveillance for ophthalmic disorders and visual deficits in children in the United Kingdom. Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85 (03) 257-259
- 22 Steele G, Ireland D, Block S. Cycloplegic autorefraction results in pre-school children using the Nikon Retinomax Plus and the Welch Allyn SureSight. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80 (08) 573-577
- 23 Ayse YK, Onder U, Suheyla K. Accuracy of Plusoptix S04 in children and teens. Can J Ophthalmol 2011; 46 (02) 153-157
- 24 Sachdev N, Cairns G, McGhee CN. A comparison of autorefractor performance. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82 (01) 9 , author reply 9–10
- 25 Yan XR, Jiao WZ, Li ZW, Xu WW, Li FJ, Wang LH. Performance of the Plusoptix A09 photoscreener in detecting amblyopia risk factors in Chinese children attending an eye clinic. PLoS One 2015; 10 (06) e0126052