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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Revista Chilena de Ortopedia y Traumatología 2021; 62(01): 066-073
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728735
Review Article | Artículo de Revisión

Lesiones del ligamento cruzado anterior en esquiadores: Conceptos actuales

Article in several languages: español | English
Roberto Negrín
1   Unidad de Medicina del Deporte, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
2   Federación Chilena de Esquí, Santiago, Chile
3   Federación Internacional de Esquí, Oberhofen am Thunersee, Suiza
,
José Rubio
2   Federación Chilena de Esquí, Santiago, Chile
,
Vicente Sepúlveda
4   Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
,
José Cordero
4   Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
,
Rodrigo Sandoval
4   Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
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Resumen

El esquí es un deporte individual con una tasa de lesiones de 1,84 por 1.000 días esquiador en la población general. Las roturas del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) son algunas de las más comunes, llegando a una tasa de 5 por cada 100 esquiadores por temporada a nivel competitivo, debido a la gran exigencia a la que se encuentran sometidas las rodillas. Lo anterior presenta un desafío para el traumatólogo a la hora de plantear un manejo. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura respecto de los mecanismos de lesión, tratamiento, prevención, rehabilitación y uso de órtesis en el retorno deportivo. Se describen los mecanismos clásicos de lesión en esquiadores amateurs y competitivos. La mayoría de las lesiones de LCA son de resolución quirúrgica, en que la recomendación de reconstrucción debe ser con injerto autólogo de hueso-tendón patelar-hueso, salvo en los pacientes mayores o en pacientes con fisis abierta, en los que se recomienda el uso de injerto autólogo de semitendinoso-gracilis. La prevención y rehabilitación se basan en mejorar la fuerza y el control neuromuscular de los estabilizadores dinámicos de la rodilla implementándose programas específicos, evaluación del gesto deportivo, y pruebas de control neuromuscular. Se recomienda el uso de órtesis funcionales adecuadas en los pacientes sometidos a reconstrucción del LCA. Las lesiones de LCA en esquiadores de nivel competitivo son habituales, de manejo específico y multidisciplinario. La elección del injerto y del tipo de rehabilitación son fundamentales en el retorno deportivo del esquiador. Nivel de evidencia: V.

Palabras Clave

esquí - lesiones de rodilla - ligamento cruzado anterior - tratamiento - prevención - órtesis de rodilla


Publication History

Received: 10 July 2020

Accepted: 21 January 2021

Article published online:
02 June 2021

© 2021. Sociedad Chilena de Ortopedia y Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

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