Cancer patients are characterized by hypercoagulable state and an increased rate of thrombotic events, the most common being venous thromboembolism. Several hemostatic pathways that are significantly implicated in mechanisms of thromboembolic disease are also involved in growth, invasion, and metastatic spread of malignant cells as well in tumor-induced neo-angiogenesis. This close connection between cancer and the hemostatic system has prompted numerous studies on the role of alterations in the level plasma biomarkers of the different compartments of hemostasis in predicting cancer prognosis. In this review, we collect the results of several exemplificative studies that have evaluated clotting activation biomarkers in relation to different cancer outcomes with a final emphasis on current research and forthcoming directions in this field.
Keywords
cancer - hypercoagulable state - tumor cell - hemostatic system - biomarkers - fibrinogen - plasminogen activator inhibitor - D-dimer - fibrinogen - cellular microparticles - thrombin - neutrophil extracellular traps - mortality - plasminogen activator - disease recurrence - disease progression
