Download PDF
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 69(S 04): S121-S212
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735490
Supplement

S3 Guideline of Extracorporeal Circulation (ECLS/ECMO) for Cardiocirculatory Failure

Udo Boeken
1   Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical School, Duesseldorf, Germany
,
Alexander Assmann
1   Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical School, Duesseldorf, Germany
,
Andreas Beckmann
2   German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus, Berlin, Germany
,
Christof Schmid
3   Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
,
Karl Werdan
4   Clinic for Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
,
Guido Michels
5   Department of Acute and Emergency Care, St Antonius Hospital Eschweiler, Eschweiler, Germany
,
Oliver Miera
6   Department of Congenital Heart Disease-Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
,
Florian Schmidt
7   Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
,
Stefan Klotz
8   Department of Cardiac Surgery, Segeberger Kliniken, Bad Segeberg, Germany
,
Christoph Starck
9   Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Centre, Berlin, German
,
Kevin Pilarczyk
10   Department for Intensive Care Medicine, Imland Hospital Rendsburg, Rendsburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
,
Ardawan Rastan
11   Department of Cardiac and Vascular Thoracic Surgery, Philipps-University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
,
Marion Burckhardt
12   Department of Health Sciences and Management; Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University (DHBW), Stuttgart, Germany
,
Monika Nothacker
13   Institute for Medical Knowledge Management, Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF), Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
,
Ralf Muellenbach
14   Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Campus Kassel of the University of Southampton, Kassel, Germany
,
York Zausig
15   Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Aschaffenburg-Alzenau Hospital, Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, Germany
,
Nils Haake
10   Department for Intensive Care Medicine, Imland Hospital Rendsburg, Rendsburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
,
Heinrich Groesdonk
16   Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Helios Clinic Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
,
Markus Ferrari
17   HSK, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Helios-Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Germany
,
Michael Buerke
18   Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Marienkrankenhaus Siegen, Siegen, Germany
,
Marcus Hennersdorf
19   Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany
,
Mark Rosenberg
20   Klinikum Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Medizinische Klinik 1, Aschaffenburg, Germany
,
Thomas Schaible
21   Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
,
Harald Köditz
22   Medical University Children's Hospital, Hannover, Germany
,
Stefan Kluge
23   Klinik für Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
,
Uwe Janssens
24   Medical Clinic and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Eschweiler, Germany
,
Matthias Lubnow
25   Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
,
Andreas Flemmer
26   Division of Neonatology, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital and Perinatal Center Munich - Grosshadern, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
,
Susanne Herber-Jonat
27   Division of Neonatology, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital and Perinatal Center Munich - Grosshadern, LMU Munich, Germany
,
Lucas Wessel
28   Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
,
Dirk Buchwald
29   Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
,
Sven Maier
30   Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
,
Lars Krüger
31   Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart- and Diabetescentre NRW, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
,
Andreas Fründ
32   Department of Physiotherapy, Heart- and Diabetescentre NRW, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
,
Rolf Jaksties
33   German Heart Foundation
,
Stefan Fischer
34   Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Support, Ibbenbueren General Hospital, Ibbenbueren, Germany
,
Karsten Wiebe
35   Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
,
Christiane S. Hartog
36   Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Klinik Bavaria, Kreischa
,
Omer Dzemali
37   Department of Cardiac Surgery, Triemli City hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
,
Daniel Zimpfer
38   Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
,
Elfriede Ruttmann-Ulmer
39   Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
,
Christian Schlensak
40   Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Malte Kelm
41   Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical School, Duesseldorf, Germany
,
Stephan Ensminger
42   Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints All articles of this category

AWMF-Registernummer 011–021 Klassifikation S3

https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/011-021.html.



Publication History

Article published online:
15 October 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Ouweneel DM, Schotborgh JV, Limpens J. et al. Extracorporeal life support during cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42 (12) 1922-1934
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Chen SW, Tsai FC, Lin YS. et al. Long-term outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for postcardiotomy shock. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154 (02) 469-477.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Chang JJ, Lin MS, Chen TH. et al. Heart failure and mortality of adult survivors from acute myocarditis requiring intensive care treatment - a nationwide cohort study. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14 (12) 1241-1250
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Schiller P, Hellgren L, Vikholm P. Survival after refractory cardiogenic shock is comparable in patients with Impella and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation when adjusted for SAVE score. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2018; ···: 2048872618799745
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 El Sibai R, Bachir R, El Sayed M. Outcomes in cardiogenic shock patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use: a matched cohort study in hospitals across the United States. BioMed Res Int 2018; 2018: 2428648
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Tramm R, Ilic D, Davies Andrew R, Pellegrino Vincent A, Romero L, Hodgson C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. . Accessed August 12, 2021 from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010381.pub2/abstract
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Tramm R, Ilic D, Davies A, Pellegrino V, Romero L, Hodgson C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults in ICU – a nurse-led multidisciplinary Cochrane Collaboration systematic review. Aust Crit Care 2015; 28 (01) 48-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Hekimian G, Kharcha F, Bréchot N. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pheochromocytoma-induced cardiogenic shock. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6 (01) 117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Dunne B, Christou E, Duff O, Merry C. Extracorporeal-assisted rewarming in the management of accidental deep hypothermic cardiac arrest: a systematic review of the literature. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23 (11) 1029-1035
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Shin TG, Jo IJ, Sim MS. et al. Two-year survival and neurological outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest patients rescued by extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168 (04) 3424-3430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Cheng R, Ramzy D, Azarbal B. et al. Device strategies for patients in INTERMACS profiles 1 and 2 cardiogenic shock: double bridge with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and initial implant of more durable devices. Artif Organs 2017; 41 (03) 224-232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Fukuhara S, Takeda K, Kurlansky PA, Naka Y, Takayama H. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a direct bridge to heart transplantation in adults. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 155 (04) 1607-1618.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Michels G, Wengenmayer T, Hagl C. et al. Recommendations for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) : Consensus statement of DGIIN, DGK, DGTHG, DGfK, DGNI, DGAI, DIVI and GRC [in German]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notf Med 2018; 113 (06) 478-486
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Chang CH, Chen HC, Caffrey JL. et al. Survival analysis after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill adults: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation 2016; 133 (24) 2423-2433
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Lorusso R, Gelsomino S, Parise O. et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock in elderly patients: trends in application and outcome from the extracorporeal life support organization (ELSO) registry. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104 (01) 62-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Richardson AS, Schmidt M, Bailey M, Pellegrino VA, Rycus PT, Pilcher DV. ECMO Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR), trends in survival from an international multicentre cohort study over 12-years. Resuscitation 2017; 112: 34-40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Schmidt M, Burrell A, Roberts L. et al. Predicting survival after ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock: the survival after veno-arterial-ECMO (SAVE)-score. Eur Heart J 2015; 36 (33) 2246-2256
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Smith M, Vukomanovic A, Brodie D, Thiagarajan R, Rycus P, Buscher H. Duration of veno-arterial extracorporeal life support (VA ECMO) and outcome: an analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry. Crit Care 2017; 21 (01) 45
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Gräsner JT, Seewald S, Bohn A. et al. Deutsches Reanimationsregister : Wissenschaft und Reanimationsforschung. Anaesthesist 2014; 63 (06) 470-476
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Bougouin W, Aissaoui N, Combes A. et al; SDEC Investigators. Post-cardiac arrest shock treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: An observational study and propensity-score analysis. Resuscitation 2017; 110: 126-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Karam N, Marijon E, Dumas F. et al; Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center. Characteristics and outcomes of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest according to the time of occurrence. Resuscitation 2017; 116: 16-21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Goldberger ZD, Chan PS, Berg RA. et al; American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines—Resuscitation (formerly National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) Investigators. Duration of resuscitation efforts and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. Lancet 2012; 380 (9852): 1473-1481
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Karagiannidis C, Brodie D, Strassmann S. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: evolving epidemiology and mortality. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42 (05) 889-896
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Nußbaumer B, Gartlehner G, Kien C. et al. Grade Leitlinien: 15. Von der Evidenz zur Empfehlung - Determinanten, die Richtung und Stärke einer Empfehlung bestimmen. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2014; 108 (07) 421-431
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Combes A, Brodie D, Bartlett R. et al; International ECMO Network (ECMONet). Position paper for the organization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs for acute respiratory failure in adult patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190 (05) 488-496
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Jorch G, Kluge S, König F. et al. Empfehlungen zur Struktur und Ausstattung von Intensivstationen 2010. . Available from: https://www.divi.de/empfehlungen/publikationen/intensivmedizin/399-empfehlungen-zur-struktur-von-intensivstationen-langversion
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Abrams D, Garan AR, Abdelbary A. et al; International ECMO Network (ECMONet) and The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). Position paper for the organization of ECMO programs for cardiac failure in adults. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (06) 717-729
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Wienke A. Ein Arzt darf, was er kann–auch ausserhalb seines Fachgebiets: Bundesverfassungsgericht öffnet die fachärztlichen Gebietsgrenzen. HNO 2011; 59 (06) 600-602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO Guidelines for ECMO Centers 2014. . Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/IGD/Archive/FileManager/faf3f6a3c7cusersshyerdocumentselsoguidelinesecmocentersv1.8.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Fletcher-Sandersjoo A, Frenckner B, Broman M. A single-center experience of 900 inter-hospital transports on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 2018
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Sutter R, Tisljar K, Marsch S. Acute neurologic complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (09) 1506-1513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Beck L, Burg MC, Heindel W, Schülke C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults - variants, complications during therapy, and the role of radiological imaging. RoFo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed 2017; 189 (02) 119-127
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Fowles JA. Initial Training of Nurses. In: Mossadegh C, Combes A. editors Nursing Care and ECMO. Springer International Switzerland: Springer; 2017
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Cook MR, Badulak J, Çoruh B. et al. Fellowship training in extracorporeal life support: Characterization and educational needs assessment. J Crit Care 2018; 46: 159-161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Zakhary BM, Kam LM, Kaufman BS, Felner KJ. The utility of high-fidelity simulation for training critical care fellows in the management of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation emergencies: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (08) 1367-1373
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Priest MA, Beaty C, Ogino M. Training of nurses and continuing education in ECMO. In: Mossadegh C, Combes A. editors Nursing Care and ECMO. Springer International Switzerland: Springer; 2017
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Fichtner F, Mörer O, Laudi S. S3-Leitlinie „Invasive Beatmung und Einsatz extrakorporaler Verfahren bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz “. DIVI 2017; 4: 154-163
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 McCarthy FH, McDermott KM, Spragan D. et al. Unconventional volume-outcome associations in adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the United States. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 102 (02) 489-495
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Barbaro RP, Odetola FO, Kidwell KM. et al. Association of hospital-level volume of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cases and mortality. Analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization registry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191 (08) 894-901
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Huesch MD. Volume-outcome relationships in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: retrospective analysis of administrative data from Pennsylvania, 2007-2015. ASAIO J 2018; 64 (04) 450-457
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 O'Neill WW, Grines C, Schreiber T. et al. Analysis of outcomes for 15,259 US patients with acute myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock (AMICS) supported with the Impella device. Am Heart J 2018; 202: 33-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Merkle J, Djorjevic I, Sabashnikov A. et al. Mobile ECMO - A divine technology or bridge to nowhere?. Expert Rev Med Devices 2017; 14 (10) 821-831
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Karatolios K, Chatzis G, Markus B. et al. Impella support compared to medical treatment for post-cardiac arrest shock after out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2018; 126: 104-110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Basir MB, Schreiber TL, Grines CL. et al. Effect of early initiation of mechanical circulatory support on survival in cardiogenic shock. Am J Cardiol 2017; 119 (06) 845-851
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Beurtheret S, Mordant P, Paoletti X. et al. Emergency circulatory support in refractory cardiogenic shock patients in remote institutions: a pilot study (the cardiac-RESCUE program). Eur Heart J 2013; 34 (02) 112-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Harjola VP, Mullens W, Banaszewski M. et al. Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. A review on behalf of the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 19 (07) 821-836
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Kluge S, de Heer G, Jarczak D, Nierhaus A, Fuhrmann V. Lactic acidosis - update 2018 [in German]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2018; 143 (15) 1082-1085
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Rastan AJ, Dege A, Mohr M. et al. Early and late outcomes of 517 consecutive adult patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139 (02) 302-311 , 311.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Li CL, Wang H, Jia M, Ma N, Meng X, Hou XT. The early dynamic behavior of lactate is linked to mortality in postcardiotomy patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: A retrospective observational study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 149 (05) 1445-1450
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Davierwala PM, Leontyev S, Verevkin A. et al. Temporal trends in predictors of early and late mortality after emergency coronary artery bypass grafting for cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2016; 134 (17) 1224-1237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Zhong Z, Jiang C, Yang F. et al. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in patients undergoing aortic surgery. Artif Organs 2017; 41 (12) 1113-1120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Slottosch I, Liakopoulos O, Kuhn E. et al. Lactate and lactate clearance as valuable tool to evaluate ECMO therapy in cardiogenic shock. J Crit Care 2017; 42: 35-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Barrett CS, Jaggers JJ, Cook EF. et al. Pediatric ECMO outcomes: comparison of centrifugal versus roller blood pumps using propensity score matching. ASAIO J 2013; 59 (02) 145-151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Byrnes J, McKamie W, Swearingen C. et al. Hemolysis during cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case-control comparison of roller pumps and centrifugal pumps in a pediatric population. ASAIO J 2011; 57 (05) 456-461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Kreibich M, Benk C, Leitner S. et al. Local and lower limb complications during and after femoral cannulation for extracorporeal life support. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support: history and new directions. ASAIO J 2005; 51 (05) 487-489
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 O'Neil MP, Fleming JC, Badhwar A, Guo LR. Pulsatile versus nonpulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass: microcirculatory and systemic effects. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94 (06) 2046-2053
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Koning NJ, Vonk AB, van Barneveld LJ. et al. Pulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass preserves postoperative microcirculatory perfusion irrespective of systemic hemodynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112 (10) 1727-1734
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Lazzeri C, Valente S, Chiostri M, Gensini GF. Clinical significance of lactate in acute cardiac patients. World J Cardiol 2015; 7 (08) 483-489
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Jouffroy R, Lamhaut L, Guyard A. et al. Base excess and lactate as prognostic indicators for patients treated by extra corporeal life support after out hospital cardiac arrest due to acute coronary syndrome. Resuscitation 2014; 85 (12) 1764-1768
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Fitousis K, Klasek R, Mason PE, Masud F. Evaluation of a pharmacy managed heparin protocol for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. Perfusion 2017; 32 (03) 238-244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Panigada M, L'Acqua C, Passamonti SM. et al. Comparison between clinical indicators of transmembrane oxygenator thrombosis and multidetector computed tomographic analysis. J Crit Care 2015; 30 (02) 441.e7-441.e13
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Irby K, Swearingen C, Byrnes J, Bryant J, Prodhan P, Fiser R. Unfractionated heparin activity measured by anti-factor Xa levels is associated with the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit/membrane oxygenator change: a retrospective pediatric study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (04) e175-e182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Distelmaier K, Roth C, Schrutka L. et al. Beneficial effects of levosimendan on survival in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiovascular surgery. Br J Anaesth 2016; 117 (01) 52-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Tagami T, Matsui H, Kuno M. et al. Early antibiotics administration during targeted temperature management after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide database study. BMC Anesthesiol 2016; 16 (01) 89
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Ohbe H, Jo T, Yamana H, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Early enteral nutrition for cardiogenic or obstructive shock requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a nationwide inpatient database study. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (08) 1258-1265
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Müller A, Weiß B. Spies CD; S3-Leitliniengruppe. Analgesie, Sedierung und Delirmanagement - Die neue S3-Leitlinie “Analgesie, Sedierung und Delirmanagement in der Intensivmedizin” (DAS-Leitlinie 2015). Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2015; 50 (11-12): 698-703
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Beckmann A, Benk C, Beyersdorf F. et al; ECLS Working Group. Position article for the use of extracorporeal life support in adult patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 40 (03) 676-680
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. Guidelines for AdultCardiacFailure. 2014 . Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/IGD/Archive/FileManager/e76ef78eabcusersshyerdocumentselsoguidelinesforadultcardiacfailure1.3.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 ELSO. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) General Guidelines for all ECLS Cases 2017 [1-26]. . Available from: www.elso.org
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Pichler P, Antretter H, Dünser M. et al. Use of ECMO in adult patients with cardiogenic shock: a position paper of the Austrian Society of Cardiology [in German]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notf Med 2015; 110 (06) 407-420
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Price S, Platz E, Cullen L. et al; Acute Heart Failure Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Expert consensus document: echocardiography and lung ultrasonography for the assessment and management of acute heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14 (07) 427-440
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Avgerinos DV, DeBois W, Voevidko L, Salemi A. Regional variation in arterial saturation and oxygen delivery during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Extra Corpor Technol 2013; 45 (03) 183-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Moynihan K, Johnson K, Straney L. et al. Coagulation monitoring correlation with heparin dose in pediatric extracorporeal life support. Perfusion 2017; 32 (08) 675-685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Shin TG, Choi JH, Jo IJ. et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with inhospital cardiac arrest: A comparison with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2011; 39 (01) 1-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Kalbhenn J, Schmidt R, Nakamura L, Schelling J, Rosenfelder S, Zieger B. Early diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand Syndrome (AVWS) is elementary for clinical practice in patients treated with ECMO therapy. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22 (03) 265-271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Vranken NPA, Lindelauf AAMA, Simons AP, Ariës MJH, Maessen JG, Weerwind PW. Cerebral and limb tissue oxygenation during peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal life support. J Intensive Care Med 2020; 35 (02) 179-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Bembea MM, Felling R, Anton B, Salorio CF, Johnston MV. Neuromonitoring during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review of the literature. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (06) 558-564
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Lorusso R, Barili F, Mauro MD. et al. In-hospital neurologic complications in adult patients undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: results from the extracorporeal life support organization registry. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (10) e964-e972
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Vogel AM, Lew DF, Kao LS, Lally KP. Defining risk for infectious complications on extracorporeal life support. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46 (12) 2260-2264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Dalton HJ, Garcia-Filion P, Holubkov R. et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. Association of bleeding and thrombosis with outcome in extracorporeal life support. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (02) 167-174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Polito A, Barrett CS, Wypij D. et al. Neurologic complications in neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. An analysis of ELSO registry data. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39 (09) 1594-1601
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Werho DK, Pasquali SK, Yu S. et al; ELSO Member Centers. Epidemiology of stroke in pediatric cardiac surgical patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 100 (05) 1751-1757
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Werho DK, Pasquali SK, Yu S. et al; Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Member Centers. Hemorrhagic complications in pediatric cardiac patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (03) 276-288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Wightman A, Bradford MC, Symons J, Brogan TV. Impact of kidney disease on survival in neonatal extracorporeal life support. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (06) 576-582
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Cheng R, Hachamovitch R, Kittleson M. et al. Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of 1,866 adult patients (Provisional abstract). Annals of Thoracic Surgery [Internet]. 2014; (2):[610-6 pp.]. . Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/cldare/articles/DARE-12013066728/frame.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Floerchinger B, Philipp A, Camboni D. et al. NSE serum levels in extracorporeal life support patients-relevance for neurological outcome?. Resuscitation 2017; 121: 166-171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Bizzarro MJ, Conrad SA, Kaufman DA, Rycus P. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Task Force on Infections, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Infections acquired during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in neonates, children, and adults. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12 (03) 277-281
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Wong JK, Melvin AL, Joshi DJ. et al. Cannulation-related complications on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: prevalence and effect on mortality. Artif Organs 2017; 41 (09) 827-834
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Yeo HJ, Yoon SH, Jeon D. et al. The utility of preemptive distal perfusion cannulation during peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. J Interv Cardiol 2016; 29 (04) 431-436
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Glorion M, Mercier O, Mitilian D. et al. Central versus peripheral cannulation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support during double lung transplant for pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 54 (02) 341-347
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Patel NJ, Patel N, Bhardwaj B. et al. Trends in utilization of mechanical circulatory support in patients hospitalized after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2018; 127: 105-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Pappalardo F, Schulte C, Pieri M. et al. Concomitant implantation of Impella<sup></sup> on top of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may improve survival of patients with cardiogenic shock. European journal of heart failure [Internet]. . 2017. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/778/CN-01245778/frame.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Schmack B, Seppelt P, Weymann A. et al. Extracorporeal life support with left ventricular decompression-improved survival in severe cardiogenic shock: results from a retrospective study. PeerJ 2017; 5: e3813
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Tepper S, Garcia MB, Fischer I. et al. Clinical Outcomes and Reduced Pulmonary Artery Pressure With Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump During Central Extracorporeal Life Support. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 2018.</bok>
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Tepper S, Masood MF, Baltazar Garcia M. et al. Left ventricular unloading by impella device versus surgical vent during extracorporeal life support. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104 (03) 861-867
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Brasseur A, Scolletta S, Lorusso R, Taccone FS. Hybrid extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (suppl 5): 10S707-S715
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Hou X, Yang X, Du Z. et al. Superior vena cava drainage improves upper body oxygenation during veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in sheep. Crit Care 2015; 19: 68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Lindfors M, Frenckner B, Sartipy U, Bjällmark A, Broomé M. Venous cannula positioning in arterial deoxygenation during veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-a simulation study and case report. Artif Organs 2017; 41 (01) 75-81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Jayaraman AL, Cormican D, Shah P, Ramakrishna H. Cannulation strategies in adult veno-arterial and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Techniques, limitations, and special considerations. Ann Card Anaesth 2017; 20 (supplement): 20S11-S18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Rupprecht L, Lunz D, Philipp A, Lubnow M, Schmid C. Pitfalls in percutaneous ECMO cannulation. Heart Lung Vessel 2015; 7 (04) 320-326
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Demondion P, Fournel L, Golmard JL, Niculescu M, Pavie A, Leprince P. Predictors of 30-day mortality and outcome in cases of myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock treated by extracorporeal life support. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 45 (01) 47-54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Fiser SM, Tribble CG, Kaza AK. et al. When to discontinue extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy support. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71 (01) 210-214
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Smedira NG, Moazami N, Golding CM. et al. Clinical experience with 202 adults receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac failure: survival at five years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 122 (01) 92-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Luo XJ, Wang W, Hu SS. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiac failure in adult patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009; 9 (02) 296-300
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Chang WW, Tsai FC, Tsai TY. et al. Predictors of mortality in patients successfully weaned from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. PLoS One 2012; 7 (08) e42687
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Combes A, Leprince P, Luyt CE. et al. Outcomes and long-term quality-of-life of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med 2008; 36 (05) 1404-1411
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Aziz TA, Singh G, Popjes E. et al. Initial experience with CentriMag extracorporal membrane oxygenation for support of critically ill patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29 (01) 66-71
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Chen YS, Chao A, Yu HY. et al. Analysis and results of prolonged resuscitation in cardiac arrest patients rescued by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41 (02) 197-203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. Ultrasound Guidance for Extra-corporeal Membrane OxygenationGeneral Guidelines 2015. [Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/Files/elso_Ultrasoundguideance_ecmogeneral_guidelines_May2015.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Trummer G, Schwermer M, Benk C. et al. Implementation of a weaning-protocol for extracorporeal life support systems in patients with postcardiotomy failure is accompanied with decrease of 30-day mortality. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 64 (01) 72
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Gaies MG, Jeffries HE, Niebler RA. et al. Vasoactive-inotropic score is associated with outcome after infant cardiac surgery: an analysis from the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium and Virtual PICU System Registries. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (06) 529-537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Aissaoui N, Luyt CE, Leprince P. et al. Predictors of successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) weaning after assistance for refractory cardiogenic shock. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37 (11) 1738-1745
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Akin S, Dos Reis Miranda D, Caliskan K. et al. Functional evaluation of sublingual microcirculation indicates successful weaning from VA-ECMO in cardiogenic shock. Crit Care 2017;21(1):265 2017; 21 (01) 265
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Cavarocchi NC, Pitcher HT, Yang Q. et al. Weaning of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using continuous hemodynamic transesophageal echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 146 (06) 1474-1479
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Naruke T, Inomata T, Imai H. et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide concentration can estimate the appropriate timing for weaning off from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory circulatory failure. Int Heart J 2010; 51 (02) 116-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Luyt CE, Landivier A, Leprince P. et al. Usefulness of cardiac biomarkers to predict cardiac recovery in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for refractory cardiogenic shock. J Crit Care 2012; 27 (05) 524.e7-524.e14
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Oberender F, Ganeshalingham A, Fortenberry JD. et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus conventional therapy in severe pediatric septic shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (10) 965-972
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Ro SK, Kim JB, Jung SH, Choo SJ, Chung CH, Lee JW. Extracorporeal life support for cardiogenic shock: influence of concomitant intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 46 (02) 186-192 , discussion 192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Lin LY, Liao CW, Wang CH. et al. Effects of additional intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation therapy to cardiogenic shock patients supported by extra-corporeal membranous oxygenation. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 23838
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Aso S, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. The effect of intraaortic balloon pumping under venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on mortality of cardiogenic patients: an analysis using a nationwide inpatient database. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (11) 1974-1979
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Park TK, Yang JH, Choi SH. et al. Clinical impact of intra-aortic balloon pump during extracorporeal life support in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. BMC Anesthesiol 2014;14:27 2014; 14: 27
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Bréchot N, Demondion P, Santi F. et al. Intra-aortic balloon pump protects against hydrostatic pulmonary oedema during peripheral venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2018; 7 (01) 62-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ. et al; IABP-SHOCK II Trial Investigators. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (14) 1287-1296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ. et al; Intraaortic Balloon Pump in cardiogenic shock II (IABP-SHOCK II) trial investigators. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK II): final 12 month results of a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 2013; 382 (9905): 1638-1645
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Thiele H, Jobs A, Ouweneel DM. et al. Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2017; 38 (47) 3523-3531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Affronti A, di Bella I, Carino D, Ragni T. Levosimendan may improve weaning outcomes in venoarterial ECMO patients. ASAIO J 2013; 59 (06) 554-557
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Jacky A, Rudiger A, Krüger B. et al. Comparison of levosimendan and milrinone for ecls weaning in patients after cardiac surgery-a retrospective before-and-after study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 32 (05) 2112-2119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Yang F, Hou D, Wang J. et al. Vascular complications in adult postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock patients receiving venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8 (01) 72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Zangrillo A, Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai G. et al. A meta-analysis of complications and mortality of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Resusc 2013; 15 (03) 172-178
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Fisser C, Reichenbächer C, Müller T. et al. Incidence and risk factors for cannula-related venous thrombosis after venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (04) e332-e339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Zimpfer D, Heinisch B, Czerny M. et al. Late vascular complications after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81 (03) 892-895
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Mankerious N, Mayer K, Gewalt SM. et al; Instrumental Sealing of ARterial puncture site –CLOSURE device versus manual compression (ISAR-CLOSURE) Trial Investigators. Comparison of the femoseal vascular closure device with manual compression after femoral artery puncture - post-hoc analysis of a large-scale, randomized clinical trial. J Invasive Cardiol 2018; 30 (07) 235-239
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Wong SC, Laule M, Turi Z. et al. A multicenter randomized trial comparing the effectiveness and safety of a novel vascular closure device to manual compression in anticoagulated patients undergoing percutaneous transfemoral procedures: The CELT ACD trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 90 (05) 756-765
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Robertson L, Andras A, Colgan F, Jackson R. Vascular closure devices for femoral arterial puncture site haemostasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 3: CD009541
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Majunke N, Mangner N, Linke A. et al. Comparison of percutaneous closure versus surgical femoral cutdown for decannulation of large-sized arterial and venous access sites in adults after successful weaning of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Invasive Cardiol 2016; 28 (10) 415-419
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Hwang JW, Yang JH, Sung K. et al. Percutaneous removal using Perclose ProGlide closure devices versus surgical removal for weaning after percutaneous cannulation for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Vasc Surg 2016; 63 (04) 998-1003.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Kmiec L, Holzamer A, Philipp A. et al. Use of a large-bore percutaneous vascular closure device after va-ECMO therapy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 67 (01) 233
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Danial P, Hajage D, Nguyen LS. et al. Percutaneous versus surgical femoro-femoral veno-arterial ECMO: a propensity score matched study. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (12) 2153-2161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Bisdas T, Beutel G, Warnecke G. et al. Vascular complications in patients undergoing femoral cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92 (02) 626-631
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Neitzke G, Burchardi H, Duttge G. et al. Grenzen der Sinnhaftigkeit von Intensivmedizin. Med Klin Intensivmed Notf Med 2016; 111 (06) 486-492
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 White DB, Angus DC, Shields AM. et al; PARTNER Investigators. A randomized trial of a family-support intervention in intensive care units. N Engl J Med 2018; 378 (25) 2365-2375
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft DKA. Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Kurzversion 1.1 2015. [Available from: http://leitlinienprogrammonkologie.de/Palliativmedizin.80.0.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Bundesärztekammer. Grundsätze der Bundesärztekammer zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Dtsch Arztebl 2011; 108: A346-A8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Davidson JE, Aslakson RA, Long AC. et al. Guidelines for family-centered care in the neonatal, pediatric, and adult ICU. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (01) 103-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Bur A, Hirschl MM, Herkner H. et al. Accuracy of oscillometric blood pressure measurement according to the relation between cuff size and upper-arm circumference in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2000; 28 (02) 371-376
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Berridge JC. Influence of cardiac output on the correlation between mixed venous and central venous oxygen saturation. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69 (04) 409-410
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Cooper E, Burns J, Retter A. et al. Prevalence of venous thrombosis following venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (12) e581-e584
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Mahmoud AN, Elgendy IY, Mojadidi MK. et al. Prevalence, causes, and predictors of 30-day readmissions following hospitalization with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: findings from the 2013-2014 national readmissions database. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7 (06) e008235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Atti V, Patel NJ, Kumar V. et al. Frequency of 30-day readmission and its causes after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 94 (02) E67-E77
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Ruth A, McCracken CE, Fortenberry JD, Hebbar KB. Extracorporeal therapies in pediatric severe sepsis: findings from the pediatric health-care information system. Crit Care 2015; 19: 397
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Skinner SC, Iocono JA, Ballard HO. et al. Improved survival in venovenous vs venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric noncardiac sepsis patients: a study of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47 (01) 63-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Kane DA, Thiagarajan RR, Wypij D. et al. Rapid-response extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to support cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children with cardiac disease. Circulation 2010; 122 (11, suppl): S241-S248
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Sivarajan VB, Almodovar MC, Rodefeld MD, Laussen PC. Pediatric extracorporeal life support in specialized situations. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14 (5, suppl 1): S51-S61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Ius F, Sommer W, Tudorache I. et al. Veno-veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure with severe haemodynamic impairment: technique and early outcomes. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2015; 20 (06) 761-767
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Absi M, Kumar ST, Sandhu H. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-cardiopulmonary resuscitation in prolonged cardiac arrest in pediatric patients: is it time to expand it?. Pediatr Emerg Care 2017; 33 (09) e67-e70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 157 Gupta P, Robertson MJ, Rettiganti M. et al. Impact of Timing of ECMO Initiation on Outcomes After Pediatric Heart Surgery: A Multi-Institutional Analysis. Pediatric cardiology [Internet]. 2016 (5):[971-8 pp.]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/379/CN-01166379/frame.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 158 Gupta P, Robertson MJ, Beam BW, Rettiganti M. Outcomes associated with preoperative use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children undergoing heart operation for congenital heart disease: a multi-institutional analysis. Clin Cardiol 2015; 38 (02) 99-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Mascio CE, Austin III EH, Jacobs JP. et al. Perioperative mechanical circulatory support in children: an analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147 (02) 658-664 , discussion 664–665
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 160 Rajagopal SK, Almond CS, Laussen PC, Rycus PT, Wypij D, Thiagarajan RR. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the support of infants, children, and young adults with acute myocarditis: a review of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry. Crit Care Med 2010; 38 (02) 382-387
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Xiong H, Xia B, Zhu J, Li B, Huang W. Clinical outcomes in pediatric patients hospitalized with fulminant myocarditis requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38 (02) 209-214
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 162 Conrad SJ, Bridges BC, Kalra Y, Pietsch JB, Smith AH. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation among patients with structurally normal hearts. ASAIO J 2017; 63 (06) 781-786
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 163 Lasa JJ, Rogers RS, Localio R. et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) during pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest is associated with improved survival to discharge: a report from the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation (GWTG-R) registry. Circulation 2016; 133 (02) 165-176
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Lowry AW, Morales DL, Graves DE. et al. Characterization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric cardiac arrest in the United States: analysis of the kids' inpatient database. Pediatr Cardiol 2013; 34 (06) 1422-1430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 GNPI. Gesellschaft für Neonatologie und pädiatrische Intensivmedizin e.V. (GNPI): Leitlinie Sepsis bei Kindern jenseits der Neonatalperiode. AWMF Register Nr. 024/025 2015 [Available from: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/024-025.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 166 Wehman B, Stafford KA, Bittle GJ. et al. Modern outcomes of mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to pediatric heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101 (06) 2321-2327
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Yarlagadda VV, Maeda K, Zhang Y. et al. Temporary circulatory support in u.s. children awaiting heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70 (18) 2250-2260
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 168 Fraser Jr CD, Jaquiss RD, Rosenthal DN. et al; Berlin Heart Study Investigators. Prospective trial of a pediatric ventricular assist device. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (06) 532-541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 169 Ford MA, Gauvreau K, McMullan DM. et al. Factors associated with mortality in neonates requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac indications: analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization registry data. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17 (09) 860-870
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 170 Furlong-Dillard JM, Amula V, Bailly DK, Bleyl SB, Wilkes J, Bratton SL. Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and mortality in pediatric cardiac surgery patients with genetic conditions: a multicenter analysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (09) 850-858
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 171 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. Guidelines for Pediatric Cardiac Failure 2017. [Available from: http://www.elso.org/resources/guidelines.aspx
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 172 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ECLS Registry Report 2019. [Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/Files/Reports/2019/European%20Summary%20January%202019.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 173 Elhoff JJ, Chowdhury SM, Zyblewski SC, Atz AM, Bradley SM, Graham EM. Intraoperative steroid use and outcomes following the norwood procedure: an analysis of the pediatric heart network's public database. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17 (01) 30-35
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 174 Jean-St-Michel E, Meza JM, Maguire J, Coles J, McCrindle BW. Survival to stage II with ventricular dysfunction: secondary analysis of the single ventricle reconstruction trial. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39 (05) 955-966
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 175 Karamlou T, Vafaeezadeh M, Parrish AM. et al. Increased extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center case volume is associated with improved extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survival among pediatric patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 145 (02) 470-475
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 176 Freeman CL, Bennett TD, Casper TC. et al. Pediatric and neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: does center volume impact mortality?*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42 (03) 512-519
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 177 Gupta P, Rettiganti M. Association between extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center volume and mortality among children with heart disease: propensity and risk modeling. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (09) 868-874
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 178 Rettiganti M, Seib PM, Robertson MJ, Wilcox A, Gupta P. Impact of varied center volume categories on volume-outcome relationship in children receiving ECMO for heart operations. J Artif Organs 2016; 19 (03) 249-256
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 179 Barrett CS, Chan TT, Wilkes J, Bratton SL, Thiagarajan RR. Association of Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Volume and Mortality after Cardiac ECMO. Am Soc Artificial Internal Organs 2017
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 180 GBA. Bekanntmachung eines Beschlussesbdes Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses zur Versorgung von Früh- und Neugeborenen Vom 20. 2009 </unknown>
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 181 Ortmann L, Prodhan P, Gossett J. et al; American Heart Association's Get With the Guidelines–Resuscitation Investigators. Outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest in children with cardiac disease: a report from Get With the Guidelines–Resuscitation. Circulation 2011; 124 (21) 2329-2337
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 182 Sherwin ED, Gauvreau K, Scheurer MA. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after stage 1 palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144 (06) 1337-1343
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 183 Lou S, MacLaren G, Paul E, Best D, Delzoppo C, Butt W. Hemofiltration is not associated with increased mortality in children receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (02) 161-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 184 Addison SD, Buck ML, Fang GY, Gangemi JJ, Kaufman DA. Decreased blood product usage during extracorporeal life support with reduced circuit volumes. Transfusion 2017; 57 (06) 1391-1395
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 185 Teele SA, Salvin JW, Barrett CS. et al. The association of carotid artery cannulation and neurologic injury in pediatric patients supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation*. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (04) 355-361
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 186 Kurkluoglu M, Hynes CF, Alfares FA. et al. Choice of peripheral venoarterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation site in patients above 15 kilograms. J Card Surg 2015; 30 (05) 461-465
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 187 Conrad SA, Grier LR, Scott LK, Green R, Jordan M. Percutaneous cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation by intensivists: a retrospective single-institution case series. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (05) 1010-1015
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 188 Hacking DF, Best D, d'Udekem Y. et al. Elective decompression of the left ventricle in pediatric patients may reduce the duration of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Artif Organs 2015; 39 (04) 319-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 189 Kotani Y, Chetan D, Rodrigues W. et al. Left atrial decompression during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for left ventricular failure in children: current strategy and clinical outcomes. Artif Organs 2013; 37 (01) 29-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 190 O'Byrne ML, Glatz AC, Rossano JW. et al. Middle-term results of trans-catheter creation of atrial communication in patients receiving mechanical circulatory support. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 85 (07) 1189-1195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 191 Allan CK, Thiagarajan RR, del Nido PJ, Roth SJ, Almodovar MC, Laussen PC. Indication for initiation of mechanical circulatory support impacts survival of infants with shunted single-ventricle circulation supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133 (03) 660-667
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 192 Botha P, Deshpande SR, Wolf M. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support in infants with systemic-pulmonary shunts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 152 (03) 912-918
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 193 Kumar TKS, Zurakowski D, Dalton H. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in postcardiotomy patients: factors influencing outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140 (02) 330-336.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 194 Joffe AR, Lequier L, Robertson CMT. Pediatric outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac disease and for cardiac arrest: a review. ASAIO J 2012; 58 (04) 297-310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 195 Bhat P, Hirsch JC, Gelehrter S. et al. Outcomes of infants weighing three kilograms or less requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95 (02) 656-661
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 196 McMullan DM, Thiagarajan RR, Smith KM, Rycus PT, Brogan TV. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes in term and premature neonates*. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (01) e9-e16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 197 Howard TS, Kalish BT, Rajagopal SK. et al. Factors associated with mortality in children who successfully wean from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (09) 875-883
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 198 Solé A, Jordan I, Bobillo S. et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for neonatal and pediatric refractory septic shock: more than 15 years of learning. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177 (08) 1191-1200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 199 Fleming GM, Sahay R, Zappitelli M. et al. The incidence of acute kidney injury and its effect on neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation outcomes: a multicenter report from the kidney intervention during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation study group. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17 (12) 1157-1169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 200 Selewski DT, Askenazi DJ, Bridges BC. et al. The impact of fluid overload on outcomes in children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (12) 1126-1135
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 201 Watt K, Li JS, Benjamin Jr DK, Cohen-Wolkowiez M. Pediatric cardiovascular drug dosing in critically ill children and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58 (02) 126-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 202 Shekar K, Fraser JF, Smith MT, Roberts JA. Pharmacokinetic changes in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Crit Care 2012; 27 (06) 741.e9-741.e18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 203 Mousavi S, Levcovich B, Mojtahedzadeh M. A systematic review on pharmacokinetic changes in critically ill patients: role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Daru 2011; 19 (05) 312-321
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 204 Ahsman MJ, Wildschut ED, Tibboel D, Mathot RA. Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in infants during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54 (05) 1734-1741
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 205 Lee HMD, Archer JRH, Dargan PI, Wood DM. What are the adverse effects associated with the combined use of intravenous lipid emulsion and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the poisoned patient?. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53 (03) 145-150
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 206 Schneider JB, Sweberg T, Asaro LA. et al; Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure (RESTORE) Study Investigators. Sedation management in children supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (10) e1001-e1010
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 207 Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK. et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (06) 1061-1093
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 208 Austin III EH, Edmonds Jr HL, Auden SM. et al. Benefit of neurophysiologic monitoring for pediatric cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114 (05) 707-715 , 717, discussion 715–716
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 209 Kussman BD, Wypij D, Laussen PC. et al. Relationship of intraoperative cerebral oxygen saturation to neurodevelopmental outcome and brain magnetic resonance imaging at 1 year of age in infants undergoing biventricular repair. Circulation 2010; 122 (03) 245-254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 210 Cashen K, Reeder R, Dalton HJ. et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN). Hyperoxia and hypocapnia during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: associations with complications, mortality, and functional status among survivors. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (03) 245-253
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 211 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO Anticoagulation Guideline 2014. [Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/Files/elsoanticoagulationguideline8-2014-table-contents.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 212 Bembea MM, Schwartz JM, Shah N. et al. Anticoagulation monitoring during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J 2013; 59 (01) 63-68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 213 Haines NM, Rycus PT, Zwischenberger JB, Bartlett RH, Ündar A. Extracorporeal Life Support Registry Report 2008: neonatal and pediatric cardiac cases. ASAIO J 2009; 55 (01) 111-116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 214 Barbaro RP, Paden ML, Guner YS. et al; ELSO member centers. Pediatric extracorporeal life support organization registry international report 2016. ASAIO J 2017; 63 (04) 456-463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 215 Bairdain S, Betit P, Craig N. et al. Diverse morbidity and mortality among infants treated with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Cureus 2015; 7 (04) e263
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 216 Pluim T, Halasa N, Phillips SE, Fleming G. The morbidity and mortality of patients with fungal infections before and during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13 (05) e288-e293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 217 Brunetti MA, Gaynor JW, Retzloff LB. et al. Characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use in pediatric cardiac ICUs: a report from the pediatric cardiac critical care consortium registry. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (06) 544-552
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 218 Nasr DM, Rabinstein AA. Neurologic complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Neurol 2015; 11 (04) 383-389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 219 Chrysostomou C, Morell VO, Kuch BA, O'Malley E, Munoz R, Wearden PD. Short- and intermediate-term survival after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with cardiac disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 146 (02) 317-325
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 220 Gander JW, Fisher JC, Reichstein AR. et al. Limb ischemia after common femoral artery cannulation for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an unresolved problem. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45 (11) 2136-2140
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 221 Gray BW, Haft JW, Hirsch JC, Annich GM, Hirschl RB, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support: experience with 2,000 patients. ASAIO J 2015; 61 (01) 2-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 222 Paden ML, Warshaw BL, Heard ML, Fortenberry JD. Recovery of renal function and survival after continuous renal replacement therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12 (02) 153-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 223 Ricci Z, Pezzella C, Romagnoli S. et al. High levels of free haemoglobin in neonates and infants undergoing surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 19 (02) 183-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 224 Jacobs SE, Berg M, Hunt R, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Inder TE, Davis PG. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (01) CD003311
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 225 Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R. et al; THAPCA Trial Investigators. Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children. N Engl J Med 2015; 372 (20) 1898-1908
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 226 Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R. et al; THAPCA Trial Investigators. Therapeutic Hypothermia after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. N Engl J Med 2017; 376 (04) 318-329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 227 Maconochie IK, de Caen AR, Aickin R. et al; Pediatric Basic Life Support and Pediatric Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 6: pediatric basic life support and pediatric advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 2015; 95: e147-e168
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 228 Wyllie J, Bruinenberg J, Roehr CC, Rüdiger M, Trevisanuto D, Urlesberger B. European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: section 7. Resuscitation and support of transition of babies at birth. Resuscitation 2015; 95: 249-263
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 229 Field DJ, Firmin R, Azzopardi DV, Cowan F, Juszczak E, Brocklehurst P. NEST Study Group. Neonatal ECMO study of temperature (NEST)–a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2010; 10: 24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 230 Field D, Juszczak E, Linsell L. et al; NEST Study Collaborative Group. Neonatal ECMO study of temperature (NEST): a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2013; 132 (05) e1247-e1256
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 231 Wolf MJ, Chanani NK, Heard ML, Kanter KR, Mahle WT. Early renal replacement therapy during pediatric cardiac extracorporeal support increases mortality. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96 (03) 917-922
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 232 Lex DJ, Tóth R, Czobor NR. et al. Fluid overload is associated with higher mortality and morbidity in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17 (04) 307-314
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 233 Sutherland SM, Zappitelli M, Alexander SR. et al. Fluid overload and mortality in children receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: the prospective pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy registry. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 55 (02) 316-325
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 234 Mah KE, Hao S, Sutherland SM. et al. Fluid overload independent of acute kidney injury predicts poor outcomes in neonates following congenital heart surgery. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33 (03) 511-520
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 235 Chauhan S, Malik M, Malik V, Chauhan Y, Kiran U, Bisoi AK. Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation after pediatric cardiac surgery: a 10 year experience. Ann Card Anaesth 2011; 14 (01) 19-24
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 236 Alsoufi B, Al-Radi OO, Gruenwald C. et al. Extra-corporeal life support following cardiac surgery in children: analysis of risk factors and survival in a single institution. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 35 (06) 1004-1011 , discussion 1011
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 237 Punn R, Axelrod DM, Sherman-Levine S, Roth SJ, Tacy TA. Predictors of mortality in pediatric patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (09) 870-877
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 238 Mattke CA, Haisz E, Pandya N, Black A, Venugopal P. Creating a controlled arterio-venous shunt by reversing the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation blood flow: a strategy for weaning patients off veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (10) 973-976
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 239 Garcia AV, Jeyaraju M, Ladd MR. et al. Survey of the American Pediatric Surgical Association on cannulation practices in pediatric ECMO. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53 (09) 1843-1848
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 240 Ijsselstijn HMM, Hoskote A. Outcomes, complications, and follow up of neonates with respiratory failure. In: Brogan TVLL, Lorusso R, MacLaren G, Peek G. editor. Extracorporeal Life Support: The ELSO Red Book. 5 ed.. Ann Arbor, MI2017; p. 217–30
    Google Scholar
  • 241 Prodhan P. Outcomes, Complications, and Followup of Children with Respiratory Failure. In: Brogan TVLL, Lorusso R, MacLaren G, Peek G. editor. Extracorporeal Life Support: The ELSO Red Book. 5 ed.. Ann Arbor, MI2017; p. 297-305
    Google Scholar
  • 242 Costello JM, O'Brien M, Wypij D. et al. Quality of life of pediatric cardiac patients who previously required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13 (04) 428-434
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 243 Garcia Guerra G, Robertson CMT, Alton GY. et al; Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-Up Group. Health-related quality of life in pediatric cardiac extracorporeal life support survivors. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (08) 720-727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 244 Garcia Guerra G, Zorzela L, Robertson CMT. et al; Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-up Group. Survival and neurocognitive outcomes in pediatric extracorporeal-cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2015; 96: 208-213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 245 Chrysostomou C, Maul T, Callahan PM. et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes after pediatric cardiac ECMO support. Front Pediatr 2013; 1: 47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 246 Murray M, Nield T, Larson-Tuttle C, Seri I, Friedlich P. Sensorineural hearing loss at 9-13 years of age in children with a history of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2011; 96 (02) F128-F132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 247 Schiller RM, van den Bosch GE, Muetzel RL. et al. Neonatal critical illness and development: white matter and hippocampus alterations in school-age neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59 (03) 304-310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 248 Zwiers AJM, IJsselstijn H, van Rosmalen J. et al. CKD and hypertension during long-term follow-up in children and adolescents previously treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9 (12) 2070-2078
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 249 Madderom MJ, Reuser JJCM, Utens EMWJ. et al. Neurodevelopmental, educational and behavioral outcome at 8 years after neonatal ECMO: a nationwide multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39 (09) 1584-1593
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 250 van der Cammen-van Zijp MHM, Gischler SJ, Hop WCJ, de Jongste JC, Tibboel D, Ijsselstijn H. Deterioration of exercise capacity after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur Respir J 2011; 38 (05) 1098-1104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 251 Ryerson LM, Guerra GG, Joffe AR. et al; Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Program Follow-Up Group. Survival and neurocognitive outcomes after cardiac extracorporeal life support in children less than 5 years of age: a ten-year cohort. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8 (02) 312-321
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 252 Cashen K, Reeder R, Dalton HJ. et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN). Functional status of neonatal and pediatric patients after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (06) 561-570
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 253 Boyle K, Felling R, Yiu A. et al. Neurologic outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (08) 760-766
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 254 Zwiers AJ, de Wildt SN, Hop WC. et al. Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication in critically ill neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a 14-year cohort study. Crit Care 2013; 17 (04) R151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 255 Polimenakos AC, Rizzo V, El-Zein CF, Ilbawi MN. Post-cardiotomy rescue extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in neonates with single ventricle after intractable cardiac arrest: attrition after hospital discharge and predictors of outcome. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38 (02) 314-323
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 256 IJsselstijn H, Breatnach C, Hoskote A. et al; CDH EURO Consortium Group. Defining outcomes following congenital diaphragmatic hernia using standardised clinical assessment and management plan (SCAMP) methodology within the CDH EURO consortium. Pediatr Res 2018; 84 (02) 181-189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 257 Masson R, Colas V, Parienti JJ. et al. A comparison of survival with and without extracorporeal life support treatment for severe poisoning due to drug intoxication. Resuscitation 2012; 83 (11) 1413-1417
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 258 Blumenstein J, Leick J, Liebetrau C. et al. Extracorporeal life support in cardiovascular patients with observed refractory in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with favourable short and long-term outcomes: a propensity-matched analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2016; 5 (07) 13-22
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 259 Lin JW, Wang MJ, Yu HY. et al. Comparing the survival between extracorporeal rescue and conventional resuscitation in adult in-hospital cardiac arrests: propensity analysis of three-year data. Resuscitation 2010; 81 (07) 796-803
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 260 Choi DS, Kim T, Ro YS. et al. Extracorporeal life support and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a nationwide registry: a propensity score-matched analysis. Resuscitation 2016; 99: 26-32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 261 Kim SJ, Jung JS, Park JH, Park JS, Hong YS, Lee SW. An optimal transition time to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for predicting good neurological outcome in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a propensity-matched study. Crit Care 2014; 18 (05) 535
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 262 Maekawa K, Tanno K, Hase M, Mori K, Asai Y. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin: a propensity-matched study and predictor analysis. Crit Care Med 2013; 41 (05) 1186-1196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 263 Gray BW, Haft JW, Hirsch JC, Annich GM, Hirschl RB, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support: experience with 2,000 patients. ASAIO J 2015; 61 (01) 2-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 264 Gupta P, Beam B, Schmitz ML. Outcomes associated with the use of renal replacement therapy in children receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after heart surgery: a multi-institutional analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30 (06) 1019-1026
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar