Antifungal Activity of Beluntas “Indian Camphorweed” (Pluchea indica) Ethanol Extract on Candida albicans In Vitro Using Different Solvent Concentrations

Wayan Larissa Demolsky; Vinna Kurniawati Sugiaman; Natallia Pranata

doi:10.1055/s-0041-1736591

European Journal of Dentistry, Table of Contents

CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2022; 16(03): 637-642
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736591

Original Article

Antifungal Activity of Beluntas “Indian Camphorweed” (Pluchea indica) Ethanol Extract on Candida albicans In Vitro Using Different Solvent Concentrations

Wayan Larissa Demolsky

¹Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

,

Vinna Kurniawati Sugiaman

¹Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

,

Natallia Pranata

¹Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Objective Oral candidiasis is an infection caused by pathogenic fungi Candida albicans, with a considerably high prevalence of 20 to 72%. Indian camphorweed (Pluchea indica) also known as “beluntas” as the local name has been known as a traditional medicine in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to research the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of beluntas ethanolic extract against the growth of C. albicans.

Materials and Methods The MIC and MFC were measured by microdilution assay and total plate count respectively with a variation of solvents (DMSO 1%, 10%, and 4%) and beluntas extract with concentrations between 0.3125 and 200 mg/mL. Amphotericin and nystatin were used as a comparison.

Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance and posthoc Tukey test were used to determine the significant difference between treatments.

Results It was found that the MIC ranged from 50 to 200 mg/mL in the test with DMSO 10% solvent and MFC was found to be at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. However, there is a significant inhibitory effect and killing effect from DMSO 10% against C. albicans (p = 0.000). MIC was also found within concentrations of 100 mg/mL of beluntas extract in DMSO 4%. In this study, the DMSO 4% concentration neither showed significant inhibitory effects nor killing effects; therefore, the result was acceptable (p = 0.357).

Conclusion Ethanol extract of beluntas (P. Indica) has the potential of being an antifungal agent with inhibitory activity in concentrations ≥100 mg/mL, which is similar to nystatin (p = 0.278). The MFC for the extract was above 100 mg/mL, which cannot be measured with this method as a higher concentration of DMSO is needed, which had a toxic effect on the tested fungi.

Keywords

Candida albicans - nystatin - amphotericin B - Indian camphorweed - Pluchea indica - beluntas

Full Text

References

References
1 Patel PK, Erlandsen JE, Kirkpatrick WR. et al. The changing epidemiology of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with HIV/AIDS in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Aids Res Treat 2012; 2012: 262471
2 Yuliana SRI, Leman MA, Anindita PS. Uji Daya Hambat Senyawa Saponin Batang Pisang. J Eg 2015; 3 (02) 616-620
3 Scheibler E, Garcia MCR, Medina da Silva R, Figueiredo MA, Salum FG, Cherubini K. Use of nystatin and chlorhexidine in oral medicine: properties, indications and pitfalls with focus on geriatric patients. Gerodontology 2017; 34 (03) 291-298
4 Lyu X, Zhao C, Yan ZM, Hua H. Efficacy of nystatin for the treatment of oral candidiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10: 1161-1171
5 Niimi M, Firth NA, Cannon RD. Antifungal drug resistance of oral fungi. Odontology 2010; 98 (01) 15-25
6 Dalimartha S. Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia. Depok: Trubus Agriwidya; 2008
7 Marsasi B, Yuwono S. Perbandingan antara Pemberian Fraksi Daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica Lees) dan Ketokonazol Secara Invitro Terhadap C. albicans. J Biomedik Fak Kedokt Univ Sriwij 2019; 5 (01) 20-29
8 Zhang QW, Lin LG, Ye WC. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chin Med 2018; 13: 20
9 Widowati W, Darsono L, Suherman J, Yelliantty Y, Maesaroh M. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, antioxidant, antiaggregation of mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.). Int J Biosci Biochem Bioinform 2014; 4 (06) 458-466
10 Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard. 3rd ed.. Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; 2008
11 Uppuluri P, Chaffin WL. Defining Candida albicans stationary phase by cellular and DNA replication, gene expression and regulation. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64 (06) 1572-1586
12 Deviene KF, Raddii MSG. Screening for antimicrobial activity of natural products using a microplate photometer. Braz J Microbiol 2002; 33: 166-168
13 Samalo D.. Pengaruh ekstrak etanol daun beluntas (Pluchea indica) dalammenghambat pertumbuhan C.albicans secara in vitro. [Thesis]. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya; 2014. Accessed November 29, 2020 at: http://repository.ub.ac.id/124685/
14 Sari RW, Pranata N, Sugiaman VK. Viability test of ethanol extract of beluntas (Pluchea indica) leaves on in vitro fibroblast cells. Sci Dent J 2019; 3: 90-94
15 Widyawati PS, Budianta TDW, Utomo AR, Harianto I. The physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Pluchea indica Less drink in teabag packaging. Int J Food Nutr Sci 2016; 5 (03) 113-120
16 Sugiaman VK, Nisyah NQ, Nisa N, Pranata N. Pluchea indica extract as a potential source of nutrition for accelerate wound healing. Sys Rev Pharm 2021; 12 (01) 570-573
17 Aboody MSA, Mickymaray S. Anti-fungal efficacy and mechanisms of flavonoids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9 (02) E45
18 Konuk HB, Ergüden B. Phenolic -OH group is crucial for the antifungal activity of terpenoids via disruption of cell membrane integrity. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65 (04) 775-783
19 Li ZJ, Liu M, Dawuti G. et al. Antifungal activity of gallic acid in vitro and in vivo . Phytother Res 2017; 31 (07) 1039-1045
20 Jiang X, Feng K, Yang X. In vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of action of tea polyphenols and tea saponin against Rhizopus stolonifera. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 25 (04) 269-276
21 Cho J, Choi H, Lee J, Kim MS, Sohn HY, Lee DG. The antifungal activity and membrane-disruptive action of dioscin extracted from Dioscorea nipponica. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1828 (03) 1153-1158
22 Meng X, Dong H, Pan Y. et al. Diosgenyl saponin inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways in liver cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67 (41) 11428-11435
23 Li Y, Shan M, Zhu Y. et al. Kalopanaxsaponin A induces reactive oxygen species mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell membrane destruction in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2020; 15 (11) e0243066
24 Harman JW, Masterson JG. The mechanism of nystatin action. Ir J Med Sci 1957; (378) 249-253
25 Noor A, Preuss CV, Amphotericin B. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Jan (PMID: 29493952)
26 Tobudic S, Kratzer C, Lassnigg A, Graninger W, Presterl E. In vitro activity of antifungal combinations against Candida albicans biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65 (02) 271-274
27 Randhawa MA. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) inhibits the germination of C. albicans and the arthrospores of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Jpn j. Med Mycol 2008; 49 (02) 125-128
28 Kuroda K, Komori T, Ishibashi K, Uto T, Kobayashi I, Kadokawa R. et al. Non-aquaeous, zwitterionic solvent as an alternative for dimethyl sulfoxide in the life sciences. Comm Chem 2020; 3 (163)