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Am J Perinatol 2022; 39(07): 691-698
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739512
SMFM Fellowship Series Article

Gestational Weight Gain and Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes for Pregnancies Complicated by Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes

Miranda K. Kiefer
1   Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
,
Adesomo Adebayo
2   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
,
Erin Cleary 
1   Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
,
Mark Klebanoff
3   Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
,
Maged M. Costantine 
1   Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
,
Mark B. Landon
1   Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
,
Steven Gabbe
1   Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
,
Heather Frey 
1   Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
,
Kartik K. Venkatesh 
1   Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
› Author Affiliations Funding This study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). The Consortium on Safe Labor was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the NICHD, through contract no.: HHSN267200603425C. The study was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD. Intramural investigators designed the study and data were collected by clinical site investigators. The corresponding author has full access to the data and final responsibility for preparation and submission of the paper for publication.
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Abstract

Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between excess and less than recommended gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with pregestational and gestational diabetes.

Study Design We conducted a secondary analysis of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Consortium on Safe Labor (CSL) study. We included deliveries >23 weeks of nonanomalous singletons with either pregestational or gestational diabetes. The exposure was GWG greater than or less than compared with the U.S. Institute of Medicine recommendations for total pregnancy weight gain per prepregnancy body mass index. Consistent with the 2020 Delphi outcome for diabetes in pregnancy, maternal outcomes included cesarean delivery and preeclampsia and neonatal outcomes included small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), macrosomia >4,000 g, preterm birth <37 weeks, stillbirth, and neonatal death. We modeled both absolute GWG and GWG z-scores, standardized for gestational duration. Multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, parity, prior cesarean delivery, chronic hypertension, tobacco use, U.S. region, and delivery year.

Results Of 8,322 deliveries (n = 8,087 women) complicated by pregestational or gestational diabetes, 47% were in excess, 27% were within, and 26% were less than GWG recommendations. Deliveries with excess absolute GWG were at higher adjusted odds of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, LGA, and macrosomia, compared with those within recommendations. Similar results were observed when using standardized GWG z-scores, in addition to higher likelihood of preterm birth and neonatal death. Less than recommended GWG was associated with a lower likelihood of these adverse outcomes but higher SGA. Additionally, less GWG by z-score was associated with a lower likelihood of stillbirth.

Conclusion Excess GWG increases the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes for women with pregestational and gestational diabetes. Less GWG than recommended may decrease this risk.

Key Points

  • Understanding the impact of GWG modeled using both absolute and standardized measures is needed.

  • Among pregnant women with diabetes, excess GWG was common and increased the risk of adverse outcomes and less than recommended GWG may decrease the risk of adverse outcomes, including stillbirth.

  • Current recommendations may require revision for women with diabetes in pregnancy.

Keywords

gestational weight gain - pregnancy - adverse outcomes - obesity - diabetes - gestational diabetes

Note

This manuscript was presented as a poster presentation at the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine Annual Meeting (Virtual), January, 2021.


Details of Ethics Approval

This study was approved by the Ohio State University Institutional Review Board (no.: 2020E0761; date: July 27, 20).


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 07 April 2021

Accepted: 06 October 2021

Article published online:
28 November 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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