Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-106727
Bryophyllum pinnatum and Related Species Used in Anthroposophic Medicine: Constituents, Pharmacological Activities, and Clinical Efficacy[*]
Publication History
received 29 February 2016
revised 23 March 2016
accepted 06 April 2016
Publication Date:
24 May 2016 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/plantamedica/20161112/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0042-106727_pma0191-1.jpg)
Abstract
Bryophyllum pinnatum (syn. Kalanchoe pinnata) is a succulent perennial plant native to Madagascar that was introduced in anthroposophic medicine in the early 20th century. In recent years, we conducted a large collaborative project to provide reliable data on the chemical composition, pharmacological properties, and clinical efficacy of Bryophyllum. Here, we comprehensively review the phytochemistry, as well as the pharmacological and clinical data. As to the pharmacology, special emphasis is given to properties related to the use in anthroposophic medicine as a treatment for “hyperactivity diseases”, such as preterm labor, restlessness, and sleep disorders. Studies suggesting that B. pinnatum may become a new treatment option for overactive bladder syndrome are also reviewed. Tolerability is addressed, and toxicological data are discussed in conjunction with the presence of potentially toxic bufadienolides in Bryophyllum species. The few data available on two related species with medicinal uses, Bryophyllum daigremontianum and Bryophyllum delagoense, have also been included. Taken together, current data support the use of B. pinnatum for the mentioned indications, but further studies are needed to fully understand the modes of action, and to identify the pharmacologically active constituents.
Key words
Bryophyllum pinnatum - Bryophyllum daigremontianum - Bryophyllum delagoense - Crassulaceae - constituents - anthroposophic medicine - pharmacological activities - clinical studies* Dedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Kurt Hostettmann in recognition of his outstanding contribution to natural product research.
-
References
- 1 Pattewar SV. Kalanchoe pinnata: phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2012; 3: 993-1000
- 2 Kamboj A, Saluja AK. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz.: phytochemical and pharmacological profile: a review. Pharmacogn Rev 2009; 3: 364-374
- 3 Quazi Majaz A, Tatiya AU, Khurshid M, Nazim S, Siraj S. The miracle plant (Kalanchoe pinnata): a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2011; 2: 1478-1482
- 4 Milad R, El-Ahmady S, Singab AN. Genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): a review of its ethnomedicinal, botanical, chemical and pharmacological properties. Eur J Med Plants 2014; 4: 86-104
- 5 Homöopathisches Arzneibuch 2014. Govi Verlag – Pharmazeutischer Verlag; 2014
- 6 Descoings B. Le genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) structure et définition. J Bot Soc France 2006; 33: 3-28
- 7 Descoings B. Le genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) structure et définition. International Crassulaceae Network. Available at. http://www.crassulaceae.ch/de/artikel?akID=68&aaID=1&aiID=L&aID=4779 Accessed February 16, 2016
- 8 Gehrig H, Gaussmann O, Marx H, Schwarzott D, Kluge M. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions. Plant Sci 2001; 160: 827-835
- 9 The Plant List. Available at. http://www.theplantlist.org Accessed February 29, 2016
- 10 McKenzie RA, Dunster PJ. Hearts and flowers: Bryophyllum poisoning of cattle. Aust Vet J 1986; 63: 222-227
- 11 Capon RJ, MacLeod JK, Oelrichs PB. Structure elucidation of a new bufadienolide toxin from the flowers of Bryophyllum tubiflorum Harv. (Crassulacea). J Chem Research (S) 1985; 11: 333
- 12 Capon RJ, MacLeod JK, Oelrichs PB. Bryotoxins B and C, toxic bufadienolide orthoacetates from the flowers of Bryophyllum tubiflorum (Crassulaceae). Aust J Chem 1986; 39: 1711-1715
- 13 Fürer K, Raith M, Brenneisen R, Mennet M, Simões-Wüst AP, von Mandach U, Hamburger M, Potterat O. Two new flavonol glycosides and a metabolite profile of Bryophyllum pinnatum, a phytotherapeutic used in obstetrics and gynaecology. Planta Med 2013; 79: 1565-1571
- 14 Huang HC, Lin MK, Yang HL, Hseu YC, Liaw CC, Tseng YH, Tsuzuki M, Kuo YH. Cardenolides and bufadienolide glycosides from Kalanchoe tubiflora and evaluation of cytotoxicity. Planta Med 2013; 79: 1362-1369
- 15 McKenzie RA, Franke FP, Dunster PJ. The toxicity to cattle and bufadienolide content of six Bryophyllum species. Aust Vet J 1987; 64: 298-301
- 16 Supratman U, Fujita T, Akiyama K, Hayashi H. New insecticidal bufadienolide, bryophyllin C, from Kalanchoe pinnata . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64: 1310-1312
- 17 Supratman U, Fujita T, Akiyama K, Hayashi H. Insecticidal compounds from Kalanchoe daigremontiana x tubiflora . Phytochemistry 2001; 58: 311-314
- 18 Supratman U, Fujita T, Akiyama K, Hayashi H, Murakami A, Sakai H, Koshimizu K, Ohigashi H. Anti-tumor promoting activity of bufadienolides from Kalanchoe pinnata and K. daigremontiana x tubiflora . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65: 947-949
- 19 Wagner H, Fischer M, Lotter H. Isolation and structure determination of daigremontianin, a novel bufadienolide from Kalanchoe daigremontiana . Planta Med 1985; 51: 169-170
- 20 Wagner H, Lotter H, Fischer M. The toxic and sedative bufadienolides of Kalanchoe daigremontiana Hamet et Perr. Helv Chim Acta 1986; 69: 359-367
- 21 Yamagishi T, Haruna M, Yan XZ, Chang JJ, Lee KH. Antitumor agents, 110. Bryophyllin B, a novel potent cytotoxic bufadienolide from Bryophyllum pinnatum . J Nat Prod 1989; 52: 1071-1079
- 22 Yamagishi T, Yan XZ, Wu RY, McPhail DR, McPhail AT, Lee KH. Structure and stereochemistry of bryophyllin-A, a novel potent cytotoxic bufadienolide orthoacetate from Bryophyllum pinnatum . Chem Pharm Bull 1988; 36: 1615-1617
- 23 Wagner H, Fischer M, Lotter H. New bufadienolides from Kalanchoe daigremontiana Hamet et Perr. (Crassulaceae). Z Naturforsch B 1985; 40?B: 1226-1227
- 24 Oufir M, Seiler C, Gerodetti M, Gerber J, Fürer K, Mennet-von Eiff M, Elsas SM, Brenneisen R, von Mandach U, Hamburger M, Potterat O. Quantification of bufadienolides in Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves and manufactured products by UHPLC-ESIMS/MS. Planta Med 2015; 81: 1190-1197
- 25 Gaind KN, Gupta RL. Phenolic components from the leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata . Planta Med 1973; 23: 149-153
- 26 Ye YY, Yang YJ, Xia MY, Liu DC, Dai YH, Zheng L, Wang D. [Chemical constituents in herbs of Bryophyllum pinnatum]. Zhongcaoyao 2013; 44: 2642-2646
- 27 Muzitano MF, Tinoco LW, Guette C, Kaiser CR, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. The antileishmanial activity assessment of unusual flavonoids from Kalanchoe pinnata . Phytochemistry 2006; 67: 2071-2077
- 28 Tatsimo SJ, Tamokou Jde D, Havyarimana L, Csupor D, Forgo P, Hohmann J, Kuiate JR, Tane P. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of kaempferol rhamnoside derivatives from Bryophyllum pinnatum . BMC Res Notes 2012; 5: 158
- 29 Gaind KN, Gupta RL. Flavonoid glycosides from Kalanchoe pinnata . Planta Med 1971; 20: 368-373
- 30 Chibli LA, Rodrigues KC, Gasparetto CM, Pinto NC, Fabri RL, Scio E, Alves MS, Del-Vechio-Vieira G, Sousa OV. Anti-inflammatory effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken ethanol extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 154: 330-338
- 31 Darmawan A, Megawati. Fajriah S. 3′,4′-Dimethoxy quercetin, a flavonol compound isolated from Kalanchoe pinnata . J Appl Pharm Sci 2013; 3: 88-90
- 32 Nascimento LB, Leal-Costa MV, Menezes EA, Lopes VR, Muzitano MF, Costa SS, Tavares ES. Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on phenolic profile and flavonoid content of Kalanchoe pinnata . J Photochem Photobiol B 2015; 148: 73-81
- 33 Coutinho MAS, Muzitano MF, Cruz EA, Bergonzi MC, Kaiser CR, Tinoco LW, Bilia AR, Vincieri FF, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. Flowers from Kalanchoe pinnata are a rich source of T cell-suppressive flavonoids. Nat Prod Commun 2012; 7: 175-178
- 34 Muzitano MF, Cruz EA, de Almeida AP, Da Silva SA, Kaiser CR, Guette C, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. Quercitrin: an antileishmanial flavonoid glycoside from Kalanchoe pinnata . Planta Med 2006; 72: 81-83
- 35 Sharker SM, Hossain MK, Haque MR, Cowdhury AA, Kaisar V, Hasan V, Rashid MA. Chemical and biological studies of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) growing in Bangladesh. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2: S1317-S1322
- 36 Ogungbamila FO, Onavunmi GO, Adeosun O. A new acylated flavan-3-ol from Bryophyllum pinnatum . Nat Prod Lett 1997; 10: 201-203
- 37 Okwu DE, Nnamdi FU. Two novel flavonoids from Bryophyllum pinnatum and their antimicrobial activity. J Chem Pharm Res 2011; 3: 1-10
- 38 Huang HC, Huang GJ, Liaw CC, Yang CS, Yang CP, Kuo CL, Tseng YH, Wang SY, Chang WT, Kuo YH. A new megastigmane from Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harvey) Hamet. Phytochem Lett 2013; 6: 379-382
- 39 Gaind KN, Gupta RL. Alkanes, alkanols, triterpenes, and sterols of Kalanchoe pinnata . Phytochemistry 1972; 11: 1500-1502
- 40 Afzal M, Gupta G, Kazmi I, Rahman M, Afzal O, Alam J, Hakeem KR, Pravez M, Gupta R, Anwar F. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of a novel steroidal derivative from Bryophyllum pinnatum . Fitoterapia 2012; 83: 853-858
- 41 Siddiqui S, Faizi S, Siddiqui BS, Sultana N. Triterpenoids and phenanthrenes from leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum . Phytochemistry 1989; 28: 2433-2438
- 42 Akihisa T, Kokke WCMC, Tamura T, Matsumoto T. Sterols of Kalanchoe pinnata: first report of the isolation of both C-24 epimers of 24-alkyl-Δ25-sterols from a higher plant. Lipids 1991; 26: 660-665
- 43 Sharker SM, Hossain MK, Haque MR, Hamidul Kabir ANM, Hasan CM, Rashid MA. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Bryophyllum daigremontianum (Raym.). Am J PharmTech Res 2013; 3: 484-492
- 44 Jetter R, Sodhi R. Chemical composition and microstructure of waxy plant surfaces: triterpenoids and fatty acid derivatives on leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana . Surf Interface Anal 2011; 43: 326-330
- 45 Van Maarseveen C, Jetter R. Composition of the epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers on Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Hamet et Perr. De la Bathie) leaves. Phytochemistry 2009; 70: 899-906
- 46 Okwu DE, Nnamdi FU. A novel antimicrobial phenanthrene alkaloid from Bryopyllum pinnatum . E-J Chem 2011; 8: 1456-1461
- 47 Almeida AP, Muzitano MF, Costa SS. 1-Octen-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside, a minor substance from the leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae). Rev Bras Farmacogn 2006; 16: 485-489
- 48 Nair MG, Epp MD, Burke BA. Ferulate esters of higher fatty alcohols and allelopathy in Kalanchoe daigremontiana . J Chem Ecol 1988; 14: 589-603
- 49 Almeida AP, Da Silva SA, Souza ML, Lima LM, Rossi-Bergmann B, de Moraes VL, Costa SS. Isolation and chemical analysis of a fatty acid fraction of Kalanchoe pinnata with a potent lymphocyte suppressive activity. Planta Med 2000; 66: 134-137
- 50 Kruk J, Pisarski A, Szymanska R. Novel vitamin E forms in leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Phaseolus coccineus . J Plant Physiol 2011; 168: 2021-2027
- 51 Lans CA. Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2006; 2: 45
- 52 Salami EO, Ozolua RI, Okpo SO, Eze GI, Uwaya DO. Studies on the anti-asthmatic and antitussive properties of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in rodent species. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2013; 6: 421-425
- 53 Yadav NP, Dixit VK. Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 86: 197-202
- 54 Pal S, Nag Chaudhuri AK. Studies on the anti-ulcer activity of a Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 33: 97-102
- 55 Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants, Vol. 2. Dehradrun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 1975: 999
- 56 Willcox ML, Bodeker G. Traditional herbal medicines for malaria. Brit Med J 2004; 329: 1156-1159
- 57 Rist L, Seitz-Gwehenberger B, Kukck A, von Mandach U. Zum Verständnis von Bryophyllum als Planze und Medikament. Der Merkurstab 2006; 4: 298-307
- 58 Leuenberger M. Bryophyllum in der Frauenheilkunde. Weleda Ärzteforum 2006; 16: 1-8
- 59 Daems W, Kaufmann H, Titze O. Kurzgefasste Bryophylum-Chronolgie. Weleda Korrespondenzblätter für Ärzte 1982; 105: 5-11
- 60 Von Mandach U, Simões-Wüst AP, Kuck A, Betschart C. Bryophyllum pinnatum in der Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie. Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit. Info@gynäkologie 2011; 3: 16-19
- 61 Hassauer W, Schreiber K, von der Decken D. Bryophyllum – Ein neuer Weg in der tokolytischen Therapie. Erfahrungsheilkunde 1985; 34: 683-687
- 62 Simões-Wüst AP, Jeschke E, Mennet M, Schnelle M, Matthes H, von Mandach U. Prescribing pattern of Bryophyllum preparations among a network of anthroposophic physicians. Forsch Komplementmed 2012; 19: 293-301
- 63 Gesellschaft Anthroposophischer Ärzte in Deutschland und der Medizinischen Sektion der Freien Hochschule für Geisteswissenschaft, Dornach, Schweiz. Vademecum Anthroposophische Arzneimittel. 3rd. edition. Berlin: Der Merkurstab; 2013: 178-183
- 64 Gesellschaft Anthroposophischer Ärzte in Deutschland im Auftrag der Medizinischen Sektion am Goetheanum Dornach, Schweiz. Anthroposophische Arzneimittel: Aufbereitungsmonographien der Kommission C. Filderstadt: Gesellschaft Anthroposophischer A¨rzte in Deutschland; 1999: 272-277
- 65 Fürer K, Simões-Wuest AP, Winkler A, Amsler N, Schnelle M, von Mandach U. Die Anwendung von Bryophyllum pinnatum-Präparaten in der Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie – eine multizentrische prospektive Beobachtungsstudie. Forsch Komplementmed 2015; 22: 231-236
- 66 Daub E. Vorzeitige Wehentätigkeit: Ihre Behandlung mit pflanzlichen Substanzen – eine klinische Studie. Stuttgart: Urachhaus; 1989
- 67 Vilaghy I. Senkung der Frühgeburtenrate mit Phytotherapie-Ergebnisse aus der Praxis. Ther Umsch 2002; 59: 696-701
- 68 Plangger N, Rist L, Zimmermann R, von Mandach U. Intravenous tocolysis with Bryophyllum pinnatum is better tolerated than beta-agonist application. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 124: 168-172
- 69 Wächter R. Klinische Wirksamkeit, Pharmakologie und Analytik von Bryophyllum pinnatum [Dissertation]. Basel: University of Basel; 2010
- 70 Gwehenberger B, Rist L, Huch R, von Mandach U. Effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum versus fenoterol on uterine contractility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 113: 164-171
- 71 Wächter R, Brenneisen R, Hamburger M, Mennet M, Schnelle M, Worel AM, Simões-Wüst AP, von Mandach U. Leaf press juice from Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lamarck) Oken induces myometrial relaxation. Phytomedicine 2011; 19: 74-82
- 72 Simões-Wüst AP, Graos M, Duarte CB, Brenneisen R, Hamburger M, Mennet M, Ramos MH, Schnelle M, Wächter R, Worel AM, von Mandach U. Juice of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) inhibits oxytocin-induced increase of the intracellular calcium concentration in human myometrial cells. Phytomedicine 2010; 17: 980-986
- 73 Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, Monga A, Petri E, Rizk DE, Sand PK, Schaer GN. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 29: 4-20
- 74 Betschart C, von Mandach U, Seifert B, Scheiner D, Perucchini D, Fink D, Geissbühler V. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Bryophyllum pinnatum versus placebo for the treatment of overactive bladder in postmenopausal women. Phytomedicine 2013; 20: 351-358
- 75 Schuler V, Suter K, Fürer K, Eberli D, Horst M, Betschart C, Brenneisen R, Hamburger M, Mennet M, Schnelle M, Simões-Wüst AP, von Mandach U. Bryophyllum pinnatum inhibits detrusor contractility in porcine bladder strips – a pharmacological study towards a new treatment option of overactive bladder. Phytomedicine 2012; 19: 947-951
- 76 Fürer K, Eberli D, Betschart C, Brenneisen R, De Mieri M, Hamburger M, Mennet-von Eiff M, Potterat O, Schnelle M, Simões-Wüst AP, von Mandach U. Inhibition of porcine detrusor contractility by the flavonoid fraction of Bryophyllum pinnatum – a potential phytotherapeutic drug for the treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome. Phytomedicine 2015; 22: 158-164
- 77 Lambrigger-Steiner C, Simões-Wüst AP, Kuck A, Fürer K, Hamburger M, von Mandach U. Sleep quality in pregnancy during treatment with Bryophyllum pinnatum: an observational study. Phytomedicine 2014; 21: 753-757
- 78 Simões-Wüst AP, Hassani TA, Muller-Hubenthal B, Pittl S, Kuck A, Meden H, Eberhard J, Decker M, Fürer K, von Mandach U. Sleep quality improves during treatment with Bryophyllum pinnatum: an observational study on cancer patients. Integr Cancer Ther 2015; 14: 452-459
- 79 Yemitan OK, Salahdeen HM. Neurosedative and muscle relaxant activities of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum . Fitoterapia 2005; 76: 187-193
- 80 Pal S, Sen T, Chaudhuri AK. Neuropsychopharmacological profile of the methanolic fraction of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999; 51: 313-318
- 81 Ofokansi KC, Esimone CO, Anele R. Evaluation of the in vitro combined antibacterial effect of the leaf extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Fam. Crassulaceae) and Ocimum gratissimum (Fam. Labiatae). Plant Product Res 2005; 9: 23-27
- 82 Akinpelu DA. Antimicrobial activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves. Fitoterapia 2000; 71: 193-194
- 83 Torres-Santos EC, Da Silva SAG, Costa SS, Santos APPT, Almeida AP, Rossi-Bergmann B. Toxicological analysis and effectiveness of oral Kalanchoe pinnata on a human case of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Phytother Res 2003; 17: 801-803
- 84 Da Silva SA, Costa SS, Mendonca SC, Silva EM, Moraes VL, Rossi-Bergmann B. Therapeutic effect of oral Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract in murine leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 1995; 60: 201-210
- 85 Da Silva SA, Costa SS, Rossi-Bergmann B. The anti-leishmanial effect of Kalanchoe is mediated by nitric oxide intermediates. Parasitology 1999; 118: 575-582
- 86 Muzitano MF, Falcao CA, Cruz EA, Bergonzi MC, Bilia AR, Vincieri FF, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. Oral metabolism and efficacy of Kalanchoe pinnata flavonoids in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Planta Med 2009; 75: 307-311
- 87 Mahata S, Maru S, Shukla S, Pandey A, Mugesh G, Das BC, Bharti AC. Anticancer property of Bryophyllum pinnata (Lam.) Oken. leaf on human cervical cancer cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12: 15
- 88 Hsieh YJ, Yang MY, Leu YL, Chen C, Wan CF, Chang MY, Chang CJ. Kalanchoe tubiflora extract inhibits cell proliferation by affecting the mitotic apparatus. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12: 149
- 89 Hsieh YJ, Huang HS, Leu YL, Peng KC, Chang CJ, Chang MY. Anticancer activity of Kalanchoe tubiflora extract against human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo . Environ Toxicol DOI: 10.1002/tox.22170. advance online publication 15 July 2015
- 90 Nascimento LB, Leal-Costa MV, Coutinho MA, Moreira Ndos S, Lage CL, Barbi Ndos S, Costa SS, Tavares ES. Increased antioxidant activity and changes in phenolic profile of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) specimens grown under supplemental blue light. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89: 391-399
- 91 Nassis CZ, Haebisch EM, Giesbrecht AM. Antihistamine activity of Bryophyllum calycinum . Braz J Med Biol Res 1992; 25: 929-936
- 92 Cruz EA, Da Silva SA, Muzitano MF, Silva PM, Costa SS, Rossi-Bergmann B. Immunomodulatory pretreatment with Kalanchoe pinnata extract and its quercitrin flavonoid effectively protects mice against fatal anaphylactic shock. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8: 1616-1621
- 93 Cruz EA, Reuter S, Martin H, Dehzad N, Muzitano MF, Costa SS, Rossi-Bergmann B, Buhl R, Stassen M, Taube C. Kalanchoe pinnata inhibits mast cell activation and prevents allergic airway disease. Phytomedicine 2012; 19: 115-121
- 94 Ojewole JA. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 99: 13-19
- 95 Ferreira RT, Coutinho MAS, Malvar DC, Costa EA, Florentino IF, Costa SS, Vanderlinde FA. Mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive, antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of the main flavonoid from Kalanchoe pinnata . Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014; 2014: 429256
- 96 Adesanwo JK, Raji Y, Olaleye SB, Onasanwo SA, Fadare OO, Ige OO, Odusanya OO. Antiulcer activity of methanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in rats. J Biol Sci 2007; 7: 409-412
- 97 Igwe SA, Akunyili DN. Analgesic effects of aqueous extracts of the leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum . Pharm Biol 2005; 43: 658-661
- 98 Yasir F, Waqar MA. Effect of indigenous plant extracts on calcium oxalate crystallization having a role in urolithiasis. Urol Res 2011; 39: 345-350
- 99 Shukla AB, Mandavia DR, Barvaliya MJ, Baxi SN, Tripathi CR. Evaluation of anti-urolithiatic effect of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) leaves using ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi. Avicenna J Phytomed 2014; 4: 151-159
- 100 Bopda OSM, Longo F, Bella TN, Edzah PMO, Taïwe GS, Bilanda DC, Tom ENL, Kamtchouing P, Dimo T. Antihypertensive activities of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) in high salt-loaded rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 153: 400-407
- 101 Nayak BS, Marshall JR, Isitor G. Wound healing potential of ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata Lam. leaf – a preliminary study. Indian J Exp Biol 2010; 48: 572-576
- 102 Hosomi JK, Ghelman R, Quintino MP, de Souza E, Nakamura MU, Moron AF. Effects of chronic Bryophyllum pinnatum administration on Wistar rat pregnancy. Forsch Komplementmed 2014; 21: 184-189
- 103 Scholtysik G, Wagner H, Fischer M, Ruegg U. Cardiac glycoside-like effects of a bufadienolide extracted from Kalanchoe daigremontiana . In: Erdmann E, Greeff K, Skou JC, editors Cardiac glycosides 1785 – 1985. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1986: 171-179
- 104 Devbhuti D, Gupta JK, Devbhuti P, Bose A. Phytochemical and acute toxicity study on Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb. Acta Pol Pharm 2008; 65: 501-504