Ultraschall Med 2017; 38(01): 33-43
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-110394
Guidelines & Recommendations
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Paediatric Practice: An EFSUMB Position Statement

Paul S. Sidhu
1   Department of Radiology, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
,
Vito Cantisani
2   Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
,
Annamaria Deganello
1   Department of Radiology, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
,
Christoph F. Dietrich
3   Department of Internal Medicine 2, Caritas Krankenhaus, Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany.
,
Carmina Duran
4   Department of Radiology, Parc Tauli University Hospital, Sabadell, Spain.
,
Doris Franke
5   Pediatric Sonography, Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
,
Zoltan Harkanyi
6   Department of Radiology, Heim Pal Children’s’ Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
,
Wojciech Kosiak
7   Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
,
Vittorio Miele
8   Department of Emergency Radiology, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
,
Aikaterini Ntoulia
1   Department of Radiology, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
,
Maciej Piskunowicz
9   Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
,
Maria E. Sellars
1   Department of Radiology, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
,
Odd Helge Gilja
10   National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastronterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

15 May 2016

06 June 2016

Publication Date:
14 July 2016 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in adults is well established in many different areas, with a number of current applications deemed “off-label”, but the use supported by clinical experience and evidence. Paediatric CEUS is also an “off-label” application until recently with approval specifically for assessment of focal liver lesions. Nevertheless there is mounting evidence of the usefulness of CEUS in children in many areas, primarily as an imaging technique that reduces exposure to radiation, iodinated contrast medium and the “patient-friendly” circumstances of ultrasonography. This position statement of the European Federation of Societies in Ultrasound and Medicine (EFSUMB) assesses the current status of CEUS applications in children and makes suggestions for further development of this technique.

Key words

microbubbles - CEUS - paediatric
 

  • References

  • 1 Meng H. Grosse-Wortmann L. Gadolinium in pediatric cardiovascular magnetic resonance: what we know and how we practice. J Cardio Vasc Mag Res 2012; 14: 56
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Brenner DJ. Elliston C. Hall EJ. et al. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176: 289-296
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Brenner DJ. Hall EJ. Cancer risks from CT scans: now we have data, what next?. Radiology 2012; 265: 330-331
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Pearce MS. Salotti JA. Little MP. et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2012; 380: 499-505
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Piscaglia F. Bolondi L. The safety of SonoVue in abdominal applications: retrospective analysis of 23188 investigations. Ultrasound in Med Biol 2006; 32: 1369-1375
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Claudon M. Dietrich CF. Choi BI. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver – update 2012. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 11-29
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Piscaglia F. Nolsoe C. Dietrich CF. et al. The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical practice of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS): update 2011 on non-hepatic applications. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 32: 33-59
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Sidhu PS. Choi BI. Bachmann-Nielsen M. The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical practice of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS): a new dawn for the escalating use of this ubiquitous technique. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 32: 5-7
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Piskunowicz P. Kosiak W. Irga N. Why can't we use second generation ultrasound contrast agents for the examination of children?. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32: 83-86
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Conroy S. Choonara I. Impiccaitore P. et al. Survey of unlicensed and off label drug use in paediatric wards in European countries. BMJ 2000; 320: 79-82
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Prandstetter C. Tamesberger M. Wagner O. et al. Verschreibepraxis von Arzneimitteln bei Fröh- und Neugeborenen auf einer Âsterreichischen neonatologischen Intensivstation. Klin Padiatr 2009; 221: 312-317
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Pandolfini C. Bonati M. A literature review on off label drug use in children. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164: 552-558
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Sellars ME. Deganello A. Sidhu PS. Paediatric contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS); a technique that requires co-operation for rapid implementation into clinical practice. Ultraschall in Med 2014; 35: 203-206
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Darge K. Troeger J. Duetting T. et al. Reflux in young patients: comparison of voiding US of the bladder and retrovesical space with echo enhancement versus voiding cystourethrography for diagnosis. Radiology 1999; 210: 201-207
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Darge K. Papadopoulu F. Ntoulia A. et al. Safety of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in children for non-cardiac applications: a review by the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR) and the International Contrast Ultrasound Society (ICUS). Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43: 1063-1073
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Rosado E. Riccabona M. Off-label use of ultrasound contrast agents for intravenous applications in children. Analysis of the existing literature. J Ultrasound Med 2016; 35: e21-e30
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Coleman JL. Navid F. Furman WL. et al. Safety of ultrasound contrast agents in the pediatric oncologic population: a single-institution experience. Am J Roentgenol 2014; 202: 966-970
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Valentino M. Serra C. Zironi G. et al. Blunt Abdominal Trauma: Emergency Contrast-Enhanced Sonography for Detection of Solid Organ Injuries. Radiology 2006; 186: 1361-1367
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Menichini G. Sessa B. Trinci M. et al. Accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the identification and characterization of traumatic soild organ lesions in children: a retrospective comparison with baseline US and CEMDCT. Radiol Med 2015; 120: 989-1001
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 McCarville MB. Kaste SC. Hoffer FA. et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography of malignant pediatric abdominal and pelvic solid tumors: preliminary safety and feasibility data. Pediatr Radiol 2012; 42: 824-833
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Piskunowicz P. Kosiak W. Batko T. et al. Safety of intravenous application of second generation ultrasound contrast agent in children: prospective analysis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015; 41: 1095-1099
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Food & Drug Administration. MARCH 2016 – APPROVED DRUG PRODUCT LIST. 2016 http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/developmentapprovalprocess/ucm071120.pdf
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Bracco. Lumason Prescribing Information. 2016 http://imaging.bracco.com/sites/braccoimaging.com/files/technica_sheet_pdf/US-20160330-LUMASON-PI_0.pdf
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Prince MR. Zhang H. Zou Z. et al. Incidence of immediate gadolinium contrast media reactions. Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196: W138-W143
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Wang CL. Cohan RH. Ellis JH. et al. Frequency, outcome, and appropriatness of treatment of nonionic iodinated contrast media reactions. Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 409-415
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 McMahon CJ. Ayres NA. Bezols LI. et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous contrast imaging in pediatric echocardiography. Pediatr Cardiol 2005; 26: 413-417
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Stenzel M. Intravenous contrast-enhanced sonography in children and adolescents – a single center experience. J Ultrason 2013; 13: 133-144
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Riccabona M. Application of a second-generation US contrast agent in infants and children – a European questionnaire-based survey. Pediatr Radiol 2012; 42: 1471-1480
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Wozniak MM. Wieczorek AP. Pawelec A. et al. Two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional static (3D) and real-time (4D) contrast enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) versus voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in children with vesicoureteral reflux. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85: 1238-1245
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Veldhoen S. Sauer A. Gassenmaier T. et al. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography phantom study: intravenous iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents may cause false-negative results in assessment of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45: 862-871
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Faizah MZ. Hamzaini AH. Kanaheswari Y. et al. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ce-VUS) as a radiation free technique in the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux. Med J Malaysia 2015; 70: 269-272
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Babu R. Gopinath V. Sai V. Voiding urosonography: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound cystography to diagnose vesico-ureteric reflux: A pilot study. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2015; 20: 40-41
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Wozniak MM. Osemlak P. Pawelec A. et al. Intraoperative contrast-enhanced urosonography during endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Pediatr Radiol 2014; 44: 1093-1100
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Wong LS. Tse KS. Fan TW. et al. Voiding urosonography with second-generation ultrasound contrast versus micturating cystourethrography in the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173: 1095-1101
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Papadopoulou F. Ntoulia A. Siomou E. et al. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography with intravesical administration of a second-generation ultrasound contrast agent for diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux: prospective evaluation of contrast safety in 1010 children. Pediatr Radiol 2014; 44: 719-728
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Kljuìevíek D. Battelino N. Tomazìc M. et al. A comparison of echo-enhanced voiding urosonography with X-ray voiding cystourethrography in the first year of life. Acta Paediatrica 2012; 101: e235-e239
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Kis E. Nyitrai A. Varkonyi I. et al. Voiding urosonography with second-generation contrast agent versus voiding cystourethrography. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25: 2289-2293
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Papadopoulou F. Anthopoulou A. Siomou E. et al. Harmonic voiding urosonography with a second-generation contrast agent for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Radiol 2009; 39: 239-244
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Duran C. Valera A. Alguersuari A. et al. Voiding urosonography: the study of the urethra is no longer a limitation of the technique. Pediatr Radiol 2009; 39: 124-131
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Darge K. Moeller RT. Trusen A. et al. Diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux with low-dose contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasound imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2005; 35: 73-78
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Ascenti G. Zimbaro G. Mazziotti S. et al. Harmonic US imaging of vesicoureteric reflux in children: usefulness of a second generation US contrast agent. Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34: 481-487
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Fernaíndez-Ibieta M. Parrondo-Muiros C. Fernaíndez-Masaguer LC. et al. Urosonografi¡a miccional con contraste de segunda generacin como herramienta primaria en el estudio de la vi¡a urinaria superior e inferior en pediatri¡a. Estudio Piloto. Actas Urolgicas Espaolas 2016; 40: 183-189
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Miller DL. Averkiou MA. Brayman AA. et al. Bioeffects Considerations for Diagnostic Ultrasound Contrast Agents. J Ultrasound Med 2008; 27: 611-632
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Piskunowicz P. Kosiak W. Batko T. Intravenous application of second-generation ultrasound contrast agents in children: a review of the literature. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33: 135-140
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Jacob J. Deganello A. Sellars ME. et al. Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Characterization of Grey-scale Sonographic Indeterminate Focal Liver Lesions in Paediatric Practice. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 529-540
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Bonini G. Pezzotta G. Morzenti C. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with SonoVue in the evaluation of postoperative complications in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Ultrasound 2007; 10: 99-106
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Knieling F. Strobel D. Rompel O. et al. Spectrum, Applicability and Diagnostic Capacity of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Pediatric Patients and Young Adults after Intravenous Application – A Retrospective Trial. Ultraschall in Med 2016; In press
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Fernandez E. Perez R. Hernandez A. et al. Factors and Mechanisms for Pharmacokinetic Differences between Pediatric Population and Adults. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3: 53-72
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Gasparini C. Bertolotto M. Croce SL. et al. Evaluation of liver parenchymal blood flow with contrast-enhanced US: preliminary results in healthy and cirrhotic patients. Acad Radiol 2003; 10: 869-876
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Zhang P. Zhou P. Tian SM. et al. Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced sonography and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging in solid liver lesions. J Ultrasound Med 2014; 33: 205-214
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Rennert J. Dornia C. Georgieva M. et al. Identification of early complications following liver transplantation using contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). First results. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2012; 21: 407-412
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Pei XQ. Liu LZ. Liu M. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between quantitative parameters and histological grading. Bri J Radiol 2012; 85: e740-e747
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Rennert J. Georgieva M. Schreyer AG. et al. Image fusion of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using volume navigation for detection, characterization and planning of therapeutic interventions of liver tumors. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2011; 49: 67-81
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Seitz K. Ströbel D. Bernatik T. et al. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) for the Characterization of Focal Liver Lesions Prospective Comparison in Clinical Practice: CEUS vs. CT (DEGUM Multicenter Trial). Ultraschall in Med 2009; 30: 383-389
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Wang ZL. Tang J. Weskott HP. et al. Undetermined focal liver lesions on gray-scale ultrasound in patients with fatty liver: Characterization with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 1511-1519
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Ungermann L. Elias P. Zizka J. et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia: Spoke-wheel arterial pattern and other signs on dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Eur J Radiol 2007; 63: 290-294
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Soye JA. Mullan CP. Porter S. et al. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the characterisation of focal liver lesions. Ulster Med J 2007; 76: 22-25
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Wu W. Chen MH. Yin SS. et al. The Role of Contrast-Enhanced Sonography of Focal Liver Lesions Before Percutaneous Biopsy. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187: 752-761
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Seitz K. Bernatik T. Strobel D. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the characterization of focal liver lesions in clinical practice (DEGUM Multicenter Trial): CEUS vs. MRI – a prospective comparison in 269 patients. Ultraschall in Med 2010; 31: 492-499
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Stenzel M. Mentzel HJ. Ultrasound elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in infants, children and adolescents. Euro J Radiol 2014; 83: 1560-1569
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Schreiber-Dietrich D. Dietrich CF. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and off-label use (in children). Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33: 295-296
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Riccabona M. Avni FE. Damasio MB. et al. ESPR Uroradiology Task Force and ESUR Paediatric Working GroupGÇöImaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, Part V: childhood cystic kidney disease, childhood renal transplantation and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in children. Pediatr Radiol 2012; 42: 1275-1283
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 McCarville MB. Contrast-enhanced sonography in pediatrics. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41: S238-S242
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Parker JM. Weller MW. Feinstein LM. et al. Safety of Ultrasound Contrast Agents in Patients With Known or Suspected Cardiac Shunts. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112: 1039-1045
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Harvey CJ. Alsafi A. Kuzmich S. et al. Role of US contrast agents in the assessment of indeterminate solid and cystic lesions in native and transplant kidneys. Radiographics 2015; 35: 1419-1430
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Riccabona M. Vivier PH. Ntoulia A. et al. ESPR uroradiology task force imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part VII: standardised terminology, impact of existing recommendations, and update on contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the paediatric urogenital tract. Pediatr Radiol 2014; 44: 1478-1484
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Harkanyi Z. Potential applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in pediatric patients. Ultrasound Clin North Am 2013; 8: 403-422
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Yusuf GT. Sellars ME. Huang DY. et al. Cortical Necrosis Secondary to Trauma in a Child: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound comparable to Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2014; 44: 484-487
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Weskott HP. Kidney and collective system. In: Weskott HP. editor. Contrast enhance ultrasound. 2nd ed. Bremen: Uni-Med Verla AG; 2013: 152-189
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 70 Pinto F. Valentino M. Romanini L. et al. The role of CEUS in the assessment of haemodynamically stable patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Radiol Med 2014; 120: 3-11
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Durkin N. Deganello A. Sellars ME. et al. Post-traumatic liver and spleen pseudoaneurysms in children: diagnosis, management and follow-up screening using contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). J Pediat Surg 2016; 51: 289-292
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Harvey CJ. Sidhu PS. Bachmann-Nielsen M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in renal transplants: applications and future directions. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 319-321
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Valentino M. Serra C. Pavlica P. et al. Blunt Abdominal Trauma: Diagnostic Performance of Contrast-enhanced US in Children: Initial Experience. Radiology 2008; 246: 903-909
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Thorelius L. Emergency real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for detection of solid organ injuries. Eur Radiol 2007; 17: F107-F111
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Oldenburg A. Hohmann J. Skork J. et al. Imaging of pediatric splenic injury with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34: 351-354
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Catalano O. Aiani L. Barozzi L. et al. CEUS in abdominal trauma: multi-center study. Abdominal Imaging 2009; 34: 225-234
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Valentino M. Galloni SS. Rimondi MR. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in non-operative management of pancreatic injury in childhood. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36: 558-560
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Miele V. Piccolo CL. Sessa B. et al. Comparison between MRI and CEUS in the follow-up of patients with blunt abdominal trauma managed conservatively. Radiol Med 2015; 121: 27-37
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Sessa B. Trinci M. Ianniello S. et al. Blunt abdominal trauma: role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the detection and staging of abdominal traumatic lesions compared to US and CE-MDCT. Radiol Med 2014; 120: 180-189
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Manetta R. Pistoia ML. Bultrini C. et al. Ultrasound enhanced with sulphur-hexafluoride-filled microbubbles agent (SonoVue) in the follow-up of mild liver and spleen trauma. Radiol Med 2009; 114: 771-779
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Catalano O. Sandomenico F. Raso MM. et al. Real-time, contrast-enhanced sonography: a new tool for detecting active bleeding. J Trauma 2005; 59: 933-939
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Catalano O. Lobianco R. Sandomenico F. et al. Real-time, contrast-enhanced sonographic imaging in emergency radiology. Radiol Med 2004; 108: 454-469
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Catalano O. Lobianco R. Sandomenico F. et al. Real-time contrast enhanced ultrasound of the spleen: examination technique and preliminary clinical experience. Radiol Med 2003; 106: 338-356
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Miele V. Buffa V. Stasolla A. et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound with second generation contrast agent in traumatic liver lesions. Radiol Med 2004; 108: 82-91
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Berry JD. Sidhu PS. Microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound in liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: P96-P103
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Sidhu PS. Marshall MM. Ryan SM. et al. Clinical use of Levovist, an ultrasound contrast agent, in the imaging of liver transplantation: assessment of the pre and post transplant patient. Eur Radiol 2000; 10: 1114-1126
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Sidhu PS. Ellis SM. Karani JB. et al. Hepatic artery stenosis following liver transplantation: significance of the tardus parvus waveform and the role of microbubble contrast media in the detection of a focal stenosis. Clin Radiol 2002; 57: 789-799
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Sidhu PS. Shaw AS. Ellis SM. et al. Microbubble ultrasound contrast in the assessment of hepatic artery patency following liver transplantation: role in reducing frequency of hepatic artery arteriography. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 21-30
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Kersting S. Ludwig S. Ehehalt F. et al. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Pancreas Transplantation. Transplantation 2013; 95: 209-214
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Kay DH. Mazonakis M. Geddes C. et al. Ultrasonic microbubble contrast agents and the transplant kidney. Clin Radiol 2009; 64: 1081-1087
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Fernandez CP. Ripolles T. Martinez MJ. et al. Diagnosis of acute cortical necrosis in renal transplantation by contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a preliminary experience. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 338-342
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Stenberg B. Talbot D. Khurram M. et al. A new technique for assessing renal transplant perfusion preoperatively using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) – a porcine modelpilot study. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32: E8-E13
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Stenberg B. Chandler C. Wyrley-Birch H. et al. Post-Operative 3-Dimensional Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Versus Tc99m-DTPA in the Detection of Post-Surgical Perfusion Defects in Kidney Transplants GÇô Preliminary Findings. Ultraschall in Med 2014; 35: 273-278
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Rennert J. Farkas S. Georgieva M. et al. Identification of early complications following pancreas and renal transplantation using contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) – first results. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2014; 58: 343-352
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Benozzi L. Cappelli G. Granito M. et al. Contrast-Enhanced Sonography in Early Kidney Graft Dysfunction. Transplant Proc 2009; 41: 1214-1215
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Masetti R. Zama D. Gasperini P. et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Transplantation 2013; 17: 479-486
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Pschierer K. Grothues D. Rennert J. et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in children with benign and malignant liver lesions and portal vein anomalies. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2015; 61: 333-345
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Geis S. Prantl L. Dolderer J. et al. Postoperative Monitoring of Local and Free Flaps with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Analysis of 112 Patients. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 550-558
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Schreyer AG. Landfried K. Zorger N. et al. Transmural penetration of intravenously applied microbubbles during contrast-enhanced ultrasound as a new diagnostic feature in patients with GVHD of the bowel. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 46: 1006-1011
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Görg C. Bert T. Kring R. et al. Transcutaneous contrast enhanced sonography of the chest for evaluation of pleural based pulmonary lesions: experience in 137 patients. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: 437-444
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 101 Görg C. Kring R. Bert T. Transcutaneous Contrast-Enhanced Sonography of Peripheral Lung Lesions. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187: W420-W429
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 102 Görg C. Bert T. Kring R. Contrast-Enhanced Sonography of the Lung for Differential Diagnosis of Atelectasis. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 35-39
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 103 Görg C. Bert T. Gorg K. Contrast-Enhanced Sonography for Differential Diagnosis of Pleurisy and Focal Pleural Lesions of Unknown Cause. Chest 2005; 128: 3894-3899
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 104 Linde HN. Holland A. Greene BH. et al. Kontrastunterstzte Sonografie (CEUS) bei Pneumonie: Darstellungsmuster und prognostische Bedeutung eine retrospektive Studie bei 50 Patienten. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33: 146-151
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 105 Di Vece F. Tombesi P. Ermili F. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and CEUS-guided biopsy in the diagnosis of lung abscess in a patient with achalasia: Case report. Interv Med Appl Sci 2013; 5: 31-33
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 106 Sartori S. Nielsen I. Trevisani L. et al. Contrast-Enhanced Sonography as Guidance for Transthoracic Biopsy of a Peripheral Lung Lesion With Large Necrotic Areas. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 133-136
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 107 Görg C. Transcutaneous contrast-enhanced sonography of pleural-based pulmonary lesions. Eur J Radiol 2007; 64: 213-221
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 108 Cokkinos DD. Antypa E. Stefanidis K. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for imaging blunt abdominal trauma – indications, description of the technique and imaging review. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33: 60-67
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 109 Hershkovitz Y. Zoarets I. Stepansky A. et al. Computed tomography is not justified in every pediatric blunt trauma patient with a suspicious mechanism of injury. Am J Emerg Med 2014; 32: 697-699
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 110 Benedetti E. Proietti A. Miccoli P. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in nodular splenomegaly associated with type B Niemann. Pick disease: an atypical hemangioma enhancement pattern. J Ultrasound 2009; 12: 85-92
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 111 Friedrich-Rust M. Schneider G. Bohle RM. et al. Contrast-Enhanced Sonography of Adrenal Masses: Differentiation of Adenomas and Nonadenomatous Lesions. Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 1852-1860
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 112 Friedrich-Rust M. Glasemann T. Polta A. et al. Differentiation between benign and malignant adrenal mass using contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32: 460-471
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 113 Dietrich CF. Ignee A. Barreiros AP. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for imaging of adrenal masses. Ultraschall in Med 2010; 31: 163-168
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 114 Al Bunni F. Deganello A. Sellars ME. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) appearances of an adrenal phaeochromocytoma in a child with Von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Ultrasound 2014; 17: 307-311
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 115 Schreiber-Dietrich D. Buchhorn R. Dietrich CF. Blickdiagnose nebennierentumor (Phachromozytom). Padiat Prax 2014; 83: 239-248
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 116 Quaia E. Cabibbo B. Paoli L. et al. The value of time-intensity curves obtained after microbubble contrast agent injection to discriminate responders from non-responders to anti-inflammatory medication among patients with Crohns disease. Eur Radiol 2013; 23: 1650-1659
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 117 Paredes JMA. Ripolls T. Corts X. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography: Usefulness in the assessment of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. J Crohn's and Colitis 2013; 7: 192-201
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 118 Quaia E. De Paoli L. Stocca T. et al. The Value of Small Bowel Wall Contrast Enhancement After Sulfur Hexafluoride-Filled Microbubble Injection to Differentiate Inflammatory from Fibrotic Strictures in Patients with Crohn's Disease. Ultrasound Medicine Biol 2012; 38: 1324-1332
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 119 Girlich C. Jung EM. Huber E. et al. Comparison between Preoperative Quantitative Assessment of Bowel Wall Vascularization by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Operative Macroscopic Findings and Results of Histopathological Scoring in Crohns Disease. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32: 154-159
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 120 Migaleddu V. Scanu AM. Quaia E. et al. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Inflammatory Activity in Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterol 2009; 137: 43-52
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 121 Gorg C. Egbring J. Bert T. Contrast enhanced ultrasound of epiploic appendagitis. Ultraschall in Med 2009; 30: 163-167
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 122 Ignee A. Cui X. Schuessler G. et al. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage using extravascular contrast enhanced ultrasound. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 385-390
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 123 Sparchez Z. Radu P. Sparchez M. et al. Intracavitary applications of ultrasound contrast agents in hepatogastroenterology. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2013; 22: 349-353
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 124 Luyao Z. Xiaoyan X. Huixiong X. et al. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholangiography using microbubbles to evaluate the dilated biliary tract: intial experience. Eur Radiol 2012; 22: 371-378
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 125 Xu EJ. Zheng RQ. Su ZZ. et al. Intra-biliary contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluating biliary obstruction during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: a preliminary study. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 3846-3850
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 126 Daneshi M. Rajayogeswaran B. Peddu P. et al. Demonstration of an ocult biliary-arterial fistula using percutaneous contrast-enhanced ultrasound cholangiography in a transplanted liver. J Clin Ultrasound 2014; 42: 108-111
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 127 Heinzmann A. Muller T. Leitlein J. et al. Endocavity contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) – work in progress. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33: 76-84
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 128 Prada F. Perin A. Martegani A. et al. Intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound for brain tumor surgery. Neurosurg 2014; 74: 542-552
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 129 He W. Jiang XQ. Wang S. et al. Intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound for brain tumors. Clin Imaging 2008; 32: 419-424
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 130 Wang Y. Wang Y. Wang Y. et al. Intraoperative real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound angiography: a new adjunct in the surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 2007; 107: 959-964
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 131 Lassau N. Chebil M. Chami L. et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCE-US): a new tool for the early evaluation of antiangiogenic treatment. Target Oncol 2010; 5: 53-58
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 132 McCarville MB. Coleman JL. Guo J. et al. Use of Quantitative Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound to Assess Response to Antiangiogenic Therapy in Children and Adolescents With Solid Malignancies: A Pilot Study. Am J Roentgenol 2016; 206: 933-939
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 133 Duran C. Riego J. Riera L. et al. Voiding urosonography including urethrosonography: high-quality examinations with an optimised procedure using a second-generation US contrast agent. Pediatric Radiology 2012; 42: 660-667
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 134 Darge K. Voiding urosonography with US contrast agents for the diagnosis of vesicureteric reflux in children. I. Procedure. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38: 40-53
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 135 Schreiber-Dietrich DG. Cui XW. Piscaglia F. et al. Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound in Pediatric Patients: A real Challenge. Z Gastroenterol 2014; 52: 1178-1184
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 136 Kanal E. Tweedle MF. Residual or Retained Gadolinium: Practical Implications for Radiologists and Our Patients. Radiology 2015; 275: 630-634
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar