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Planta Med 2016; 82(15): 1309-1328
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-114573
Reviews
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Naturally Occurring Diterpenoid Dimers: Source, Biosynthesis, Chemistry and Bioactivities

Li-Gen Lin
State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China
,
Carolina Oi Lam Ung
State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China
,
Zhe-Ling Feng
State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China
,
Li Huang
State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China
,
Hao Hu
State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 13 April 2016
revised 14 July 2016

accepted 01 August 2016

Publication Date:
19 August 2016 (online)

Also available at
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Abstract

Diterpenoid dimers are rare in nature and mainly found in higher plants including the families Acanthaceae, Annonaceae, Asteraceae, Calceolariaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Meliaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Taxaceae, Velloziaceae, and Zingiberaceae. In addition, a few diterpenoid dimers have been also reported from fungi (Psathyrellaceae), liverworts (Scapaniaceae), and a gorgonian (Gorgoniidae). They feature a wide variety of structures due to different core skeletons, linkage patterns, substituents, and configurations. Accordingly, diterpenoid dimers exhibit a broad range of bioactivities, including cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antifouling properties, which have attracted more and more research interests in the past decades. This review with 176 metabolites from 109 references provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the source, biosynthesis, structure, synthesis, and bioactivities of diterpenoid dimers.

Key words

diterpenoid dimers - structure - source - biosynthesis - synthesis - bioactivities
 

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