Download PDF
CC BY 4.0 · Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2024; 45(02): 095-105
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742321
Review Article

Therapy for Recurrent High-Grade Epithelial Ovarian Cancer—The Current Status and Future Trends

Vallathol Dilip Harindran
1   Department of Medical Oncology, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, Kerala, India
,
V.P. Sanudev Sadanandan
1   Department of Medical Oncology, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, Kerala, India
,
P. Vishnu Sreedath
1   Department of Medical Oncology, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, Kerala, India
,
Parameswaran Prashanth
1   Department of Medical Oncology, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, Kerala, India
,
K.V. Sajeevan
1   Department of Medical Oncology, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, Kerala, India
,
P.S. Sreedharan
1   Department of Medical Oncology, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, Kerala, India
,
Narayanankutty Warrier
1   Department of Medical Oncology, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, Kerala, India
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Ovarian malignancy is the seventh most frequently diagnosed cancer among women. The most common type is epithelial ovarian cancer. Several subtypes with distinct biological and molecular properties exist, and there is inconsistency in availability of and access to different modalities of treatment. The standard first-line management is combining surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. Most of them are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to which they have poor outcomes. The existing screening tests have a low predictive value. Even with the best available upfront treatment, high rates of recurrences are observed. As a result, there have been major advances in the treatment of recurrences with the development of anti-angiogenic agents and PARP inhibitors. It has led to the improvement in survival and quality of life among the relapsed epithelial ovarian cancers. This review is focused on the management of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancers and future directions based on current evidence. The application of a personalized and structured approach will meaningfully bring changes in the paradigm of care in these groups of patients.

Keywords

epithelial ovarian cancer - recurrent - chemotherapy - targeted therapy


Publication History

Article published online:
29 September 2022

© 2022. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Dockery LE, Rubenstein AR, Ding K. et al. Extending the platinum-free interval: the impact of omitting 2nd line platinum chemotherapy in intermediate platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 155 (02) 201-206
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Pujade-Lauraine E, Wagner U, Aavall-Lundqvist E. et al. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and carboplatin compared with paclitaxel and carboplatin for patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer in late relapse. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28 (20) 3323-3329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Pignata S, Scambia G, Bologna A. et al. Randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of platinum-free interval prolongation in advanced ovarian cancer: the MITO-8, MaNGO, BGOG-Ov1, AGO-Ovar2.16, ENGOT-Ov1, GCIG Study. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35 (29) 3347-3353
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Friedlander M, Trimble E, Tinker A. et al; Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup. Clinical trials in recurrent ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21 (04) 771-775
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Rabik CA, Dolan ME. Molecular mechanisms of resistance and toxicity associated with platinating agents. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33 (01) 9-23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Damia G, Broggini M. Platinum resistance in ovarian cancer: role of DNA repair. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11 (01) 119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Konstantinopoulos PA, Ceccaldi R, Shapiro GI, D'Andrea AD. Homologous recombination deficiency: exploiting the fundamental vulnerability of ovarian cancer. Cancer Discov 2015; 5 (11) 1137-1154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Wilkes DC, Sailer V, Xue H. et al. A germline FANCA alteration that is associated with increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017; 3 (05) a001487
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Carrassa L, Damia G. DNA damage response inhibitors: mechanisms and potential applications in cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 60: 139-151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Chilà R, Guffanti F, Damia G. Role and therapeutic potential of CDK12 in human cancers. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 50: 83-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Hill SJ, Decker B, Roberts EA. et al. Prediction of DNA repair inhibitor response in short-term patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids. Cancer Discov 2018; 8 (11) 1404-1421
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Davis A, Tinker AV, Friedlander M. “Platinum resistant” ovarian cancer: what is it, who to treat and how to measure benefit?. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 133 (03) 624-631
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Pujade-Lauraine E, Combe P. Recurrent ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2016; 27 (Suppl. 01) i63-i65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Lorusso D. et al. Phase III trial of gemcitabine compared with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in progressive or recurrent ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (06) 890-896
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Mutch DG, Orlando M, Goss T. et al. Randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine compared with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25 (19) 2811-2818
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Berg T, Nøttrup TJ, Roed H. Gemcitabine for recurrent ovarian cancer - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 155 (03) 530-537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Lihua P, Chen XY, Wu TX, Wu X. Topotecan for ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (02) CD005589
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Sharma A, Malik PS, Khurana S. et al. Oral metronomic chemotherapy for recurrent & refractory epithelial ovarian cancer: a retrospective analysis. Indian J Med Res 2019; 150 (06) 575-583
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Friedlander M, Hancock KC, Rischin D. et al. A Phase II, open-label study evaluating pazopanib in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 119 (01) 32-37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Ferrandina G, Corrado G, Mascilini F. et al. Metronomic oral cyclophosphamide (MOC) in the salvage therapy of heavily treated recurrent ovarian cancer patients: a retrospective, multicenter study. BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 947
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Musella A, Vertechy L, Romito A. et al. Bevacizumab in ovarian cancer: state of the art and unanswered questions. Chemotherapy 2017; 62 (02) 111-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Pujade-Lauraine E, Hilpert F, Weber B. et al. Bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy for platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer: the AURELIA open-label randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32 (13) 1302-1308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Husain A, Wang YV, Frederiksen R. et al. Independent radiologic review of AURELIA, a phase 3 trial of bevacizumab (BV) plus chemotherapy (CT) for platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer (OC). Paper presented at: ASCO Annual Meet; 2014
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Mullen MM, Kuroki LM, Thaker PH. Novel treatment options in platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer: a review. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 152 (02) 416-425
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Parmar MK, Ledermann JA, Colombo N. et al; ICON and AGO Collaborators. Paclitaxel plus platinum-based chemotherapy versus conventional platinum-based chemotherapy in women with relapsed ovarian cancer: the ICON4/AGO-OVAR-2.2 trial. Lancet 2003; 361 (9375): 2099-2106
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Pfisterer J, Plante M, Vergote I. et al; AGO-OVAR, NCIC CTG, EORTC GCG. Gemcitabine plus carboplatin compared with carboplatin in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer: an intergroup trial of the AGO-OVAR, the NCIC CTG, and the EORTC GCG. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (29) 4699-4707
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Garzon S, Laganà AS, Casarin J. et al. Secondary and tertiary ovarian cancer recurrence: what is the best management?. Gland Surg 2020; 9 (04) 1118-1129
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Aghajanian C, Blank SV, Goff BA. et al. OCEANS: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30 (17) 2039-2045
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Aghajanian C, Nycum LR, Goff B. et al. Updated overall survival analysis in OCEANS, a randomized phase 3 trial of gemcitabine (G), carboplatin (C) and bevacizumab (BV) or placebo (PL) followed by BV or PL in platinum sensitive recurrent epithelial ovarian (ROC),primary peritoneal (PPC) or fallopian tube cancer. Ann Oncol 2012; 23 (Suppl. 09) 9319
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Coleman RL, Brady MF, Herzog TJ. et al. Bevacizumab and paclitaxel-carboplatin chemotherapy and secondary cytoreduction in recurrent, platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study GOG-0213): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18 (06) 779-791
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Geenen JJJ, Linn SC, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. PARP inhibitors in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57 (04) 427-437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Pignata S, Lorusso D, Joly F. et al; MITO16b/MANGO–OV2/ENGOT–ov17 Investigators. Carboplatin-based doublet plus bevacizumab beyond progression versus carboplatin-based doublet alone in patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer: a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22 (02) 267-276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Ray-Coquard I, Mirza MR, Pignata S, Walther A, Romero I, du Bois A. Therapeutic options following second-line platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer: comparison of active surveillance and maintenance treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90: 102107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 DiSilvestro P, Alvarez Secord A. Maintenance treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer: is it ready for prime time?. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 69: 53-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Advani SH, Doval DC, Koppikar SB. et al. Use of bevacizumab in advanced ovarian cancer: consensus from an expert panel oncologists. Indian J Gynecol Oncology 2021; 19: article no. 25
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Hanzlikova H, Gittens W, Krejcikova K, Zeng Z, Caldecott KW. Overlapping roles for PARP1 and PARP2 in the recruitment of endogenous XRCC1 and PNKP into oxidized chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45 (05) 2546-2557
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Rose M, Burgess JT, O'Byrne K, Richard DJ, Bolderson E. PARP inhibitors: clinical relevance, mechanisms of action and tumor resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8: 564601
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Nature 2011; 474 (7353): 609-615
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Alsop K, Fereday S, Meldrum C. et al. BRCA mutation frequency and patterns of treatment response in BRCA mutation-positive women with ovarian cancer: a report from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30 (21) 2654-2663
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Dann RB, DeLoia JA, Timms KM. et al. BRCA1/2 mutations and expression: response to platinum chemotherapy in patients with advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125 (03) 677-682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Pujade-Lauraine E, Ledermann JA, Selle F. et al; SOLO2/ENGOT-Ov21 investigators. Olaparib tablets as maintenance therapy in patients with platinum-sensitive, relapsed ovarian cancer and a BRCA1/2 mutation (SOLO2/ENGOT-Ov21): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18 (09) 1274-1284
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Mirza MR, Monk BJ, Herrstedt J. et al; ENGOT-OV16/NOVA Investigators. Niraparib maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2016; 375 (22) 2154-2164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Coleman RL, Oza AM, Lorusso D. et al; ARIEL3 investigators. Rucaparib maintenance treatment for recurrent ovarian carcinoma after response to platinum therapy (ARIEL3): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2017; 390 (10106): 1949-1961
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Sieh W, Köbel M, Longacre TA. et al. Hormone-receptor expression and ovarian cancer survival: an Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis consortium study. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14 (09) 853-862
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Langdon SP, Gourley C, Gabra H, Stanley B. Endocrine therapy in epithelial ovarian cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017; 17 (02) 109-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Paleari L, Gandini S, Provinciali N, Puntoni M, Colombo N, DeCensi A. Clinical benefit and risk of death with endocrine therapy in ovarian cancer: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 146 (03) 504-513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Stanley B, Hollis RL, Nunes H. et al. Endocrine treatment of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma; quantification of efficacy and identification of response predictors. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 152 (02) 278-285
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Coleman RL, Spirtos NM, Enserro D. et al. Secondary surgical cytoreduction for recurrent ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2019; 381 (20) 1929-1939
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Du Bois A, Sehouli J, Vergote I. et al. Randomized phase III study to evaluate the impact of secondary cytoreductive surgery in recurrent ovarian cancer: final analysis of AGO DESKTOP III/ENGOT-ov20. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38: 6000
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Shi T, Zhu J, Feng Y. et al. Secondary cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer (SOC-1): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22 (04) 439-449
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Petrillo M, De Iaco P, Cianci S. et al. Long-term survival for platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer patients treated with secondary cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23 (05) 1660-1665
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Le Brun JF, Campion L, Berton-Rigaud D. et al. Survival benefit of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer: a multi-institutional case control study. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21 (11) 3621-3627
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Kurman RJ. Origin and molecular pathogenesis of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2013; 24 (Suppl. 10) x16-x21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Kurman RJ, Shih IeM. Molecular pathogenesis and extraovarian origin of epithelial ovarian cancer–shifting the paradigm. Hum Pathol 2011; 42 (07) 918-931
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Kurman RJ, Shih IeM. The dualistic model of ovarian carcinogenesis: revisited, revised, and expanded. Am J Pathol 2016; 186 (04) 733-747
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Kurnit KC, Fleming GF, Lengyel E. Updates and new options in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer treatment. Obstet Gynecol 2021; 137 (01) 108-121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Singh T, Neal AS, Moatamed NA, Memarzadeh S. Exploring the potential of drug response assays for precision medicine in ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22 (01) 305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Mirza MR, Åvall Lundqvist E, Birrer MJ. et al; AVANOVA investigators. Niraparib plus bevacizumab versus niraparib alone for platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer (NSGO-AVANOVA2/ENGOT-ov24): a randomised, phase 2, superiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20 (10) 1409-1419
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Raza Mirza M, Nyvang G-B, Lund B. et al. Final survival analysis of NSGO-AVANOVA2/ENGOT-OV24: combination of niraparib and bevacizumab versus niraparib alone as treatment of recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer—a randomized controlled chemotherapy-free study. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38 (Suppl. 15) 6012
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Penson RT, Valencia RV, Cibula D. et al. Olaparib versus nonplatinum chemotherapy in patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer and a germline BRCA1/2 mutation (SOLO3): a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38 (11) 1164-1174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Moore KN, Oza AM, Colombo N. et al. Phase III, randomized trial of mirvetuximab soravtansine versus chemotherapy in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer: primary analysis of FORWARD I. Ann Oncol 2021; 32 (06) 757-765
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 O'Malley DM, Matulonis UA, Birrer MJ. et al. Phase Ib study of mirvetuximab soravtansine, a folate receptor alpha (FRα)-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), in combination with bevacizumab in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 157 (02) 379-385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Lheureux S, Cristea MC, Bruce JP. et al. Adavosertib plus gemcitabine for platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory recurrent ovarian cancer: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2021; 397 (10271): 281-292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Konstantinopoulos PA, Cheng SC, Wahner Hendrickson AE. et al. Berzosertib plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone in platinum-resistant high-grade serous ovarian cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21 (07) 957-968
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Zamarin D, Burger RA, Sill MW. et al. Randomized phase II trial of nivolumab versus nivolumab and ipilimumab for recurrent or persistent ovarian cancer: an NRG Oncology Study. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38 (16) 1814-1823
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Zsiros E, Lynam S, Attwood KM. et al. Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in combination with bevacizumab and oral metronomic cyclophosphamide in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer: a phase 2 nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2021; 7 (01) 78-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Harter P, Pautier P, Van Nieuwenhuysen E. et al. Atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab and chemotherapy versus bevacizumab and chemotherapy in recurrent ovarian cancer - a randomized phase III trial (AGO-OVAR 2.29/ENGOT-ov34). Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020; 30 (12) 1997-2001
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Perrone MG, Luisi O, De Grassi A, Ferorelli S, Cormio G, Scilimati A. Translational theragnosis of ovarian cancer: where do we stand?. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27 (34) 5675-5715
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 da Cunha Colombo Bonadio RR, Fogace RN, Miranda VC, Diz MDPE. Homologous recombination deficiency in ovarian cancer: a review of its epidemiology and management. Clinics (São Paulo) 2018; 73 (Suppl. 01) e450s
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Lee YC, Jivraj N, O'Brien C. et al. Malignant bowel obstruction in advanced gynecologic cancers: an updated review from a multidisciplinary perspective. Obstet Gynecol Int 2018; 1867238
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Kipps E, Tan DS, Kaye SB. Meeting the challenge of ascites in ovarian cancer: new avenues for therapy and research. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13 (04) 273-282
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Perroud HA, Scharovsky OG, Rozados VR, Alasino CM. Clinical response in patients with ovarian cancer treated with metronomic chemotherapy. Ecancermedicalscience 2017; 11: 723
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 André N, Carré M, Pasquier E. Metronomics: towards personalized chemotherapy?. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11 (07) 413-431
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Garcia AA, Hirte H, Fleming G. et al. Phase II clinical trial of bevacizumab and low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide in recurrent ovarian cancer: a trial of the California, Chicago, and Princess Margaret Hospital phase II consortia. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (01) 76-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Gulia S, Ghosh J, Bajpai J. et al. Pazopanib and oral cyclophosphamide in women with platinum-resistant or -refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. JCO Glob Oncol 2020; 6: 542-547
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Ledermann JA, Raja FA, Fotopoulou C, Gonzalez-Martin A, Colombo N, Sessa C. ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Newly diagnosed and relapsed epithelial ovarian carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2013; 24 (Suppl. 06) vi24-vi32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Dunton CJ. New options for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 1997; 24 (1, suppl 5): S5-S2, S5–S11
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Wiltshaw E, Kroner T. Phase II study of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (NSC-119875) in advanced adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Cancer Treat Rep 1976; 60 (01) 55-60
    Google Scholar
  • 79 Lambert HE, Berry RJ. High dose cisplatin compared with high dose cyclophosphamide in the management of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (FIGO stages III and IV): report from the North Thames Cooperative Group. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290 (6472): 889-893
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 A'Hern RP, Gore ME. Impact of doxorubicin on survival in advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13 (03) 726-732
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 McGuire WP, Hoskins WJ, Brady MF. et al. Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin compared with paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1996; 334 (01) 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Piccart MJ, Bertelsen K, James K. et al. Randomized intergroup trial of cisplatin-paclitaxel versus cisplatin-cyclophosphamide in women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: three-year results. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92 (09) 699-708
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Siddik ZH. Cisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of resistance. Oncogene 2003; 22 (47) 7265-7279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Damia G, Imperatori L, Stefanini M, D'Incalci M. Sensitivity of CHO mutant cell lines with specific defects in nucleotide excision repair to different anti-cancer agents. Int J Cancer 1996; 66 (06) 779-783
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar