RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1753482
Role of Interventional Radiology in the Management of Non-aortic Thoracic Trauma
Abstract
Trauma remains a leading cause of death for all age groups, and nearly two-thirds of these individuals suffer thoracic trauma. Due to the various types of injuries, including vascular and nonvascular, interventional radiology plays a major role in the acute and chronic management of the thoracic trauma patient. Interventional radiologists are critical members in the multidisciplinary team focusing on treatment of the patient with thoracic injury. Through case presentations, this article will review the role of interventional radiology in the management of trauma patients suffering thoracic injuries.
Keywords
interventional radiology - trauma - thoracic - chest tubes - vascular injuries - hemorrhage - embolizationNotes
All the authors substantially contributed to the conception or design of the work, and the writing and/or revision of the manuscript.
Publikationsverlauf
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
31. August 2022
© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
References
- 1 MacKenzie EJ, Fowler CJ. Epidemiology. In: Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE. eds. Trauma. 4th ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000: 21-36
- 2 Shackford SR, Mackersie RC, Holbrook TL. et al. The epidemiology of traumatic death. A population-based analysis. Arch Surg 1993; 128 (05) 571-575
- 3 Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE. et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. J Trauma 1995; 38 (02) 185-193
- 4 Stewart RM, Myers JG, Dent DL. et al. Seven hundred fifty-three consecutive deaths in a level I trauma center: the argument for injury prevention. J Trauma 2003; 54 (01) 66-70 , discussion 70–71
- 5 Hawkins CM, Duszak Jr R, Hughes DR. et al. Defining the value of interventional radiology to healthcare stakeholders: proceedings from a Society of Interventional Radiology Research Consensus Panel. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2021; 32 (07) 1088.e1-1088.e8
- 6 Subcommittee on Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) of the American College of Surgeons, (ACS), Committee on Trauma, 2018. Advanced Trauma Life Support Course for Physicians. Chicago, IL: Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons; 2021
- 7 Ludwig C, Koryllos A. Management of chest trauma. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9 (Suppl. 03) S172-S177
- 8 Karmy-Jones R, Namias N, Coimbra R. et al. Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: penetrating chest trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 77 (06) 994-1002
- 9 Seaton D. Pneumothorax. In: Seaton A, Leitch AG, Seaton D. eds. Crofton and Douglas's Respiratory Diseases. 5th ed.. New York: Blackwell Science; 2000: 1182-1204
- 10 Weissberg D, Refaely Y. Pneumothorax: experience with 1,199 patients. Chest 2000; 117 (05) 1279-1285
- 11 Yilmaz A, Bayramgürler B, Yazcoπlu O, Ünver E, Ertuπrul M. Iatrogenic pneumothorax: incidence and evaluation of the therapy. Turk Respir Jr 2002; 3: 64-67
- 12 Sharma A, Jindal P. Principles of diagnosis and management of traumatic pneumothorax. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2008; 1 (01) 34-41
- 13 Ali N, Gali BM. Pattern and management of chest injuries in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2004; 3: 181-184
- 14 Dincer HE, Lipchik JR. The intricacies of pneumothorax: management depends on accurate classification. Post graduate medicine. Accessed October 10, 2021 at: http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2005/12_05/dincer.shtml
- 15 de Moya MA, Seaver C, Spaniolas K. et al. Occult pneumothorax in trauma patients: development of an objective scoring system. J Trauma 2007; 63 (01) 13-17
- 16 Neff MA, Monk Jr JS, Peters K, Nikhilesh A. Detection of occult pneumothoraces on abdominal computed tomographic scans in trauma patients. J Trauma 2000; 49 (02) 281-285
- 17 Gordon R. The deep sulcus sign. Radiology 1980; 136 (01) 25-27
- 18 Tam MMK. Occult pneumothorax in trauma patients: Should this be sought in the focused assessment with sonography for trauma examination?. Emerg Med Aust 2005; 17: 488-493
- 19 Zhang M, Liu ZH, Yang JX. et al. Rapid detection of pneumothorax by ultrasonography in patients with multiple trauma. Crit Care 2006; 10 (04) R112
- 20 Soldati G, Iacconi P. The validity of the use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of spontaneous and traumatic pneumothorax. J Trauma 2001; 51 (02) 423
- 21 ATLS Subcommittee, American College of Surgeons' Committee on Trauma. International ATLS Working Group. Advanced trauma life support (ATLS®): the ninth edition. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74 (05) 1363
- 22 Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW, Feliciano DV. The occult pneumothorax: What have we learned?. Can J Surg 2009; 52 (05) E173-E179
- 23 Wilson H, Ellsmere J, Tallon J, Kirkpatrick A. Occult pneumothorax in the blunt trauma patient: tube thoracostomy or observation?. Injury 2009; 40 (09) 928-931
- 24 Brasel KJ, Stafford RE, Weigelt JA, Tenquist JE, Borgstrom DC. Treatment of occult pneumothoraces from blunt trauma. J Trauma 1999; 46 (06) 987-990 , discussion 990–991
- 25 Moore FO, Goslar PW, Coimbra R. et al. Blunt traumatic occult pneumothorax: is observation safe?–results of a prospective, AAST multicenter study. J Trauma 2011; 70 (05) 1019-1023 , discussion 1023–1025
- 26 Mowery NT, Gunter OL, Collier BR. et al. Practice management guidelines for management of hemothorax and occult pneumothorax. J Trauma 2011; 70 (02) 510-518
- 27 Benton IJ, Benfield GFA. Comparison of a large and small-calibre tube drain for managing spontaneous pneumothoraces. Respir Med 2009; 103 (10) 1436-1440
- 28 American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma. ATLS: Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors. 8th ed.. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 2008
- 29 Inaba K, Lustenberger T, Recinos G. et al. Does size matter? A prospective analysis of 28-32 versus 36-40 French chest tube size in trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72 (02) 422-427
- 30 Park JK, Kraus FC, Haaga JR. Fluid flow during percutaneous drainage procedures: an in vitro study of the effects of fluid viscosity, catheter size, and adjunctive urokinase. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160 (01) 165-169
- 31 Niinami H, Tabata M, Takeuchi Y, Umezu M. Experimental assessment of the drainage capacity of small silastic chest drains. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2006; 14 (03) 223-226
- 32 Morrison MC, Mueller PR, Lee MJ. et al. Sclerotherapy of malignant pleural effusion through sonographically placed small-bore catheters. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 158 (01) 41-43
- 33 Peters J, Kubitschek KR. Clinical evaluation of a percutaneous pneumothorax catheter. Chest 1984; 86 (05) 714-717
- 34 Davies HE, Merchant S, McGown A. A study of the complications of small bore ‘Seldinger’ intercostal chest drains. Respirology 2008; 13 (04) 603-607
- 35 Havelock T, Teoh R, Laws D, Gleeson F. BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Pleural procedures and thoracic ultrasound: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax 2010; 65 (Suppl. 02) ii61-ii76
- 36 Tattersall DJ, Traill ZC, Gleeson FV. Chest drains: does size matter?. Review Clin Radiol 2000; 55 (06) 415-421
- 37 Clementsen P, Evald T, Grode G, Hansen M, Krag Jacobsen G, Faurschou P. Treatment of malignant pleural effusion: pleurodesis using a small percutaneous catheter. A prospective randomized study. Respir Med 1998; 92 (03) 593-596
- 38 Chetty GK, Battula NR, Govindaswamy R, Elahi MM. Comparative analysis of the Bonanno catheter and tube thoracotomy in effective aspiration of pleural effusion. Heart Surg Forum 2006; 9 (04) E731-E734
- 39 McElnay PJ, Lim E. Modern techniques to insert chest drains. Thorac Surg Clin 2017; 27 (01) 29-34
- 40 Deneuville M. Morbidity of percutaneous tube thoracostomy in trauma patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 22 (05) 673-678
- 41 Remérand F, Luce V, Badachi Y, Lu Q, Bouhemad B, Rouby JJ. Incidence of chest tube malposition in the critically ill: a prospective computed tomography study. Anesthesiology 2007; 106 (06) 1112-1119
- 42 Adlakha S, Roberts M, Ali N. Chest tube insertion. Eur Respir Monogr 2016; 74: 229-239
- 43 Porcel JM. Chest tube drainage of the pleural space: a concise review for pulmonologists. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2018; 81 (02) 106-115
- 44 Harris A, O'Driscoll BR, Turkington PM. Survey of major complications of intercostal chest drain insertion in the UK. Postgrad Med J 2010; 86 (1012): 68-72
- 45 National Patient Safety Agency. Risks of Chest Drain Insertion. 2008
- 46 Jalota R, Sayad E. Tension Pneumothorax. [Updated August 11, 2021]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559090/
- 47 Chen KC, Chen PH, Chen JS. New options for pneumothorax management. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14 (06) 587-591
- 48 van den Brande P, Staelens I. Chemical pleurodesis in primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989; 37 (03) 180-182
- 49 Richardson JD, Miller FB, Carrillo EH, Spain DA. Complex thoracic injuries. Surg Clin North Am 1996; 76 (04) 725-748
- 50 Chang WC, Hsu HH, Chang H, Chen CY. Spontaneous hemothorax caused by a ruptured intercostal artery aneurysm in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. J Formos Med Assoc 2005; 104 (04) 286-289
- 51 Patrini D, Panagiotopoulos N, Pararajasingham J, Gvinianidze L, Iqbal Y, Lawrence DR. Etiology and management of spontaneous haemothorax. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7 (03) 520-526
- 52 Boersma WG, Stigt JA, Smit HJ. Treatment of haemothorax. Respir Med 2010; 104 (11) 1583-1587
- 53 Mahoozi H, Volmerig J, Hecker E. Modern management of traumatic hemothorax. J Trauma Treat 2016; 5: 1-5
- 54 Kinasewitz GT. Pleural fluid dynamics and effusions. In: Fishmann AP. ed. Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. 3rd ed.. New York: McGraw Hill; 1998
- 55 Ritter DC, Chang FC. Delayed hemothorax resulting from stab wounds to the internal mammary artery. J Trauma 1995; 39 (03) 586-589
- 56 Chien TM, Yen HW, Chen YF. Ruptured acute type B aortic dissection presenting with bilateral hemathoraces. J Card Surg 2011; 26 (02) 214-216
- 57 Tribble JB, Julian S, Myers RT. Rupture of the liver and right hemidiaphragm presenting as right hemothorax. J Trauma 1989; 29 (01) 116-118
- 58 Pumarejo Gomez L, Tran VH. Hemothorax. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Accessed October 10, 2021 at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538219/
- 59 Mancini M, Scanlin T, Serebrisky D. Hemothorax. Medscape; 2019. Accessed October 10, 2021 at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2047916-overview
- 60 Tian Y, Zheng W, Zha N, Wang Y, Huang S, Guo Z. Thoracoscopic decortication for the management of trapped lung caused by 14-year pneumothorax: a case report. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9 (08) 1074-1077
- 61 Cohen NS, Braig Z, Collins JN. Prevalence and management of posttraumatic retained hemothorax in a level 1 trauma center. Am Surg 2018; 84 (09) e369-e371
- 62 Cakmak M. Characteristics of the patients undergoing surgical treatment for hemothorax: a descriptive study. Biol Res 2017; 28: 2679-2683
- 63 Pohnan R, Blazkova S, Hytych V. et al. Treatment of hemothorax in the era of minimally invasive surgery. Mil Med Sci Lett 2019; 88: 1-8
- 64 O'Keeffe M, Clark S, Khosa F, Mohammed MF, McLaughlin PD, Nicolaou S. Imaging protocols for trauma patients: trauma series, extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma, and selective and whole-body computed tomography. Semin Roentgenol 2016; 51 (03) 130-142
- 65 Zieleskiewicz L, Fresco R, Duclos G. et al. Integrating extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (eFAST) in the initial assessment of severe trauma: Impact on the management of 756 patients. Injury 2018; 49 (10) 1774-1780
- 66 Brooks A, Davies B, Smethhurst M, Connolly J. Emergency ultrasound in the acute assessment of haemothorax. Emerg Med J 2004; 21 (01) 44-46
- 67 Röthlin MA, Näf R, Amgwerd M, Candinas D, Frick T, Trentz O. Ultrasound in blunt abdominal and thoracic trauma. J Trauma 1993; 34 (04) 488-495
- 68 Zeiler J, Idell S, Norwood S, Cook A. Hemothorax: a review of the literature. Clin Pulm Med 2020; 27 (01) 1-12
- 69 Broderick SR. Hemothorax: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Thorac Surg Clin 2013; 23 (01) 89-96 , vi–vii
- 70 Hsu LW, Chong CF, Wang TL, Wu BH. Traumatic mediastinal hematoma: a potentially fatal condition that may be overlooked by traditional focused assessment with sonography for trauma. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 31 (01) 262.e1-262.e3
- 71 Trupka A, Waydhas C, Hallfeldt KK, Nast-Kolb D, Pfeifer KJ, Schweiberer L. Value of thoracic computed tomography in the first assessment of severely injured patients with blunt chest trauma: results of a prospective study. J Trauma 1997; 43 (03) 405-411 , discussion 411–412
- 72 Chardoli M, Hasan-Ghaliaee T, Akbari H, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Accuracy of chest radiography versus chest computed tomography in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt chest trauma. Chin J Traumatol 2013; 16 (06) 351-354
- 73 Heniford BT, Carrillo EH, Spain DA, Sosa JL, Fulton RL, Richardson JD. The role of thoracoscopy in the management of retained thoracic collections after trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63 (04) 940-943
- 74 Meyer DM, Jessen ME, Wait MA, Estrera AS. Early evacuation of traumatic retained hemothoraces using thoracoscopy: a prospective, randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64 (05) 1396-1400 , discussion 1400–1401
- 75 Cobanoğlu U, Sayir F, Mergan D. [Should video thorascopic surgery be the first choice in isolated traumatic hemothorax? A prospective randomized controlled study]. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2011; 17 (02) 117-122
- 76 Yeam I, Sassoon C. Hemothorax and chylothorax. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1997; 3 (04) 310-314
- 77 Huggins JT. Chylothorax and cholesterol pleural effusion. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 31 (06) 743-750
- 78 Williams KR, Burford TH. The management of chylothorax. Ann Surg 1964; 160: 131-140
- 79 Bessone LN, Ferguson TB, Burford TH. Chylothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1971; 12 (05) 527-550
- 80 Bolger C, Walsh TN, Tanner WA, Keeling P, Hennessy TP. Chylothorax after oesophagectomy. Br J Surg 1991; 78 (05) 587-588
- 81 Dougenis D, Walker WS, Cameron EW, Walbaum PR. Management of chylothorax complicating extensive esophageal resection. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992; 174 (06) 501-506
- 82 Doerr CH, Allen MS, Nichols III FC, Ryu JH. Etiology of chylothorax in 203 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80 (07) 867-870
- 83 Light RW. Pleural Diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1990: 269-281
- 84 Worthington MG, de Groot M, Gunning AJ, von Oppell UO. Isolated thoracic duct injury after penetrating chest trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60 (02) 272-274
- 85 Silen ML, Weber TR. Management of thoracic duct injury associated with fracture-dislocation of the spine following blunt trauma. J Trauma 1995; 39 (06) 1185-1187
- 86 Agrawal V, Doelken P, Sahn SA. Seat belt-induced chylothorax: a cause of idiopathic chylothorax?. Chest 2007; 132 (02) 690-692
- 87 Cammarata SK, Brush Jr RE, Hyzy RC. Chylothorax after childbirth. Chest 1991; 99 (06) 1539-1540
- 88 Robinson CLN. The management of chylothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1985; 39 (01) 90-95
- 89 Suemitsu R, Ondo K, Fukuyama S, Ueda H. Late-period-onset chylothorax after a pulmonary resection for lung cancer: a case report. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 13 (05) 345-348
- 90 Ng RS, Kerbavaz RJ, Hilsinger Jr RL. Bilateral chylothorax from radical neck dissection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985; 93 (06) 814-817
- 91 Han C, Guo L, Wang KJ, Zhao JQ. Bilateral chylothorax following neck dissection for thyroid cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 38 (10) 1119-1122
- 92 Busquets JM, Rullan PJ, Trinidad-Pinedo J. Bilateral chylothorax after neck dissection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130 (04) 492-495
- 93 Halldorsson A. Chylothorax after coronary artery bypass grafting. Int Surg 2009; 94 (02) 119-129
- 94 Kurekci E, Kaye R, Koehler M. Chylothorax and chylopericardium: a complication of a central venous catheter. J Pediatr 1998; 132 (06) 1064-1066
- 95 Weidner WA, Steiner RM. Roentgenographic demonstration of intrapulmonary and pleural lymphatics during lymphangiography. Radiology 1971; 100 (03) 533-539
- 96 Valentine VG, Raffin TA. The management of chylothorax. Chest 1992; 102 (02) 586-591
- 97 Zilversmit DB. The composition and structure of lymph chylomicrons in dog, rat, and man. J Clin Invest 1965; 44 (10) 1610-1622
- 98 Rimensberger PC, Müller-Schenker B, Kalangos A, Beghetti M. Treatment of a persistent postoperative chylothorax with somatostatin. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 66 (01) 253-254
- 99 Al-Zubairy SA, Al-Jazairi AS. Octreotide as a therapeutic option for management of chylothorax. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37 (05) 679-682
- 100 Selle JG, Snyder III WH, Schreiber JT. Chylothorax: indications for surgery. Ann Surg 1973; 177 (02) 245-249
- 101 Cope C. Percutaneous transabdominal embolization of thoracic duct lacerations in animals. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7 (05) 725-731
- 102 Cope C. Management of chylothorax via percutaneous embolization. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2004; 10 (04) 311-314
- 103 Bonn J, Sperling D, Walinsky P, Mannion J. Percutaneous embolization of thoracic duct injury. Circulation 2000; 102 (02) 268-269
- 104 van Goor AT, Kröger R, Klomp HM, de Jong MA, van den Brekel MW, Balm AJ. Introduction of lymphangiography and percutaneous embolization of the thoracic duct in a stepwise approach to the management of chylous fistulas. Head Neck 2007; 29 (11) 1017-1023
- 105 Schild H, Hirner A. Percutaneous translymphatic thoracic duct embolization for treatment of chylothorax. Röfo Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr Nuklearmed 2001; 173 (07) 580-582
- 106 Patel N, Lewandowski RJ, Bove M, Nemcek Jr AA, Salem R. Thoracic duct embolization: a new treatment for massive leak after neck dissection. Laryngoscope 2008; 118 (04) 680-683
- 107 Litherland B, Given M, Lyon S. Percutaneous radiological management of high-output chylothorax with CT-guided needle disruption. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2008; 52 (02) 164-167
- 108 Boffa DJ, Sands MJ, Rice TW. et al. A critical evaluation of a percutaneous diagnostic and treatment strategy for chylothorax after thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 33 (03) 435-439
- 109 Deso S, Ludwig B, Kabutey NK, Kim D, Guermazi A. Lymphangiography in the diagnosis and localization of various chyle leaks. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012; 35 (01) 117-126
- 110 Hillerdal G. Chylothorax and pseudochylothorax. Eur Respir J 1997; 10 (05) 1157-1162
- 111 Itkin M, Kucharczuk JC, Kwak A, Trerotola SO, Kaiser LR. Nonoperative thoracic duct embolization for traumatic thoracic duct leak: experience in 109 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139 (03) 584-589 , discussion 589–590
- 112 Syed LH, Georgiades CS, Hart VL. Lymphangiography: a case study. Semin Intervent Radiol 2007; 24 (01) 106-110
- 113 Choo JC, Foley PT, Lyon SM. Percutaneous management of high-output chylothorax: case reviews. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2009; 32 (04) 828-832
- 114 Yamagami T, Masunami T, Kato T. et al. Spontaneous healing of chyle leakage after lymphangiography. Br J Radiol 2005; 78 (933) 854-857
- 115 Krishnamurthy R, Hernandez A, Kavuk S, Annam A, Pimpalwar S. Imaging the central conducting lymphatics: initial experience with dynamic MR lymphangiography. Radiology 2015; 274 (03) 871-878
- 116 Lohrmann C, Foeldi E, Speck O, Langer M. High-resolution MR lymphangiography in patients with primary and secondary lymphedema. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187 (02) 556-561
- 117 Erden A, Fitoz S, Yagmurlu B, Erden I. Abdominal confluence of lymph trunks: detectability and morphology on heavily T2-weighted images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184 (01) 35-40
- 118 Chen E, Itkin M. Thoracic duct embolization for chylous leaks. Semin Intervent Radiol 2011; 28 (01) 63-74
- 119 Cope C, Kaiser LR. Management of unremitting chylothorax by percutaneous embolization and blockage of retroperitoneal lymphatic vessels in 42 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13 (11) 1139-1148
- 120 Kim PH, Tsauo J, Shin JH. Lymphatic interventions for chylothorax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 29 (02) 194-202.e4
- 121 Chen CS, Kim JW, Shin JH. et al. Lymphatic imaging and intervention for chylothorax following thoracic aortic surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99 (34) e21725
- 122 Kathuria H, Hollingsworth HM, Vilvendhan R, Reardon C. Management of life-threatening hemoptysis. J Intensive Care 2020; 8 (01) 23
- 123 Knott-Craig CJ, Oostuizen JG, Rossouw G, Joubert JR, Barnard PM. Management and prognosis of massive hemoptysis. Recent experience with 120 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105 (03) 394-397
- 124 Sakr L, Dutau H. Massive hemoptysis: an update on the role of bronchoscopy in diagnosis and management. Respiration 2010; 80 (01) 38-58
- 125 Yoon W, Kim JK, Kim YH, Chung TW, Kang HK. Bronchial and nonbronchial systemic artery embolization for life-threatening hemoptysis: a comprehensive review. Radiographics 2002; 22 (06) 1395-1409
- 126 Fernando HC, Stein M, Benfield JR, Link DP. Role of bronchial artery embolization in the management of hemoptysis. Arch Surg 1998; 133 (08) 862-866
- 127 Phillips S, Ruttley MS. Bronchial artery embolization: the importance of preliminary thoracic aortography. Clin Radiol 2000; 55 (04) 317-319
- 128 Sopko DR, Smith TP. Bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis. Semin Intervent Radiol 2011; 28 (01) 048-062
- 129 Revel MP, Fournier LS, Hennebicque AS. et al. Can CT replace bronchoscopy in the detection of the site and cause of bleeding in patients with large or massive hemoptysis?. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179 (05) 1217-1224
- 130 Khalil A, Fedida B, Parrot A, Haddad S, Fartoukh M, Carette MF. Severe hemoptysis: from diagnosis to embolization. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96 (7-8): 775-788
- 131 Marshall TJ, Flower CDR, Jackson JE. The role of radiology in the investigation and management of patients with haemoptysis. Clin Radiol 1996; 51 (06) 391-400
- 132 Hsiao EI, Kirsch CM, Kagawa FT, Wehner JH, Jensen WA, Baxter RB. Utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial artery embolization for massive hemoptysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177 (04) 861-867
- 133 Tanaka N, Yamakado K, Murashima S. et al. Superselective bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis with a coaxial microcatheter system. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997; 8 (1, Pt 1): 65-70
- 134 Corr PD. Bronchial artery embolization for life-threatening hemoptysis using tris-acryl microspheres: short-term result. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 28 (04) 439-441
- 135 Baltacioğlu F, Cimşit NC, Bostanci K, Yüksel M, Kodalli N. Transarterial microcatheter glue embolization of the bronchial artery for life-threatening hemoptysis: technical and clinical results. Eur J Radiol 2010; 73 (02) 380-384
- 136 Rémy J, Arnaud A, Fardou H, Giraud R, Voisin C. Treatment of hemoptysis by embolization of bronchial arteries. Radiology 1977; 122 (01) 33-37
- 137 Rabkin JE, Astafjev VI, Gothman LN, Grigorjev YG. Transcatheter embolization in the management of pulmonary hemorrhage. Radiology 1987; 163 (02) 361-365
- 138 Hayakawa K, Tanaka F, Torizuka T. et al. Bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis: immediate and long-term results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1992; 15 (03) 154-158 , discussion 158–159
- 139 Mal H, Rullon I, Mellot F. et al. Immediate and long-term results of bronchial artery embolization for life-threatening hemoptysis. Chest 1999; 115 (04) 996-1001
- 140 Swanson KL, Johnson CM, Prakash UB, McKusick MA, Andrews JC, Stanson AW. Bronchial artery embolization : experience with 54 patients. Chest 2002; 121 (03) 789-795
- 141 Chun JY, Belli AM. Immediate and long-term outcomes of bronchial and non-bronchial systemic artery embolisation for the management of haemoptysis. Eur Radiol 2010; 20 (03) 558-565
- 142 Yanagawa Y, Ishikawa K, Nagasawa H. et al. Traumatic pulmonary artery injury: a review of the recent literature. Vessel Plus 2018; 2 (01) 1-8
- 143 Brown IE, Rigor RR, Schutzman LM. et al. Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in a murine model of blunt thoracic trauma. Shock 2018; 50 (06) 696-705
- 144 Bussières JS. Iatrogenic pulmonary artery rupture. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2007; 20 (01) 48-52
- 145 Lafita V, Borge MA, Demos TC. Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm: etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Intervent Radiol 2007; 24 (01) 119-123
- 146 Kulshrestha P, Das B, Iyer KS. et al. Cardiac injuries – a clinical and autopsy profile. J Trauma 1990; 30 (02) 203-207
- 147 Azarrafiy R, Tsang DC, Boyle TA, Wilkoff BL, Carrillo RG. Compliant endovascular balloon reduces the lethality of superior vena cava tears during transvenous lead extractions. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14 (09) 1400-1404
- 148 Ball CG, Williams BH, Wyrzykowski AD, Nicholas JM, Rozycki GS, Feliciano DV. A caveat to the performance of pericardial ultrasound in patients with penetrating cardiac wounds. J Trauma 2009; 67 (05) 112
- 149 Schultz JM, Trunkey DD. Blunt cardiac injury. Crit Care Clin 2004; 20 (01) 57-70
- 150 Teixeira PG, Inaba K, Oncel D. et al. Blunt cardiac rupture: a 5-year NTDB analysis. J Trauma 2009; 67 (04) 788-791
- 151 Morse BC, Mina MJ, Carr JS. et al. Penetrating cardiac injuries: a 36-year perspective at an urban, Level I trauma center. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 81 (04) 623-631
- 152 Demetriades D. Cardiac penetrating injuries: personal experience of 45 cases. Br J Surg 1984; 71 (02) 95-97
- 153 O'Connor JV, Scalea TM. Penetrating thoracic great vessel injury: impact of admission hemodynamics and preoperative imaging. J Trauma 2010; 68 (04) 834-837
- 154 Nagy K, Fabian T, Rodman G, Fulda G, Rodriguez A, Mirvis S. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of blunt aortic injury: an EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. J Trauma 2000; 48 (06) 1128-1143
- 155 Kodali S, Jamieson WR, Leia-Stephens M, Miyagishima RT, Janusz MT, Tyers GF. Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. A 20-year review: 1969-1989. Circulation 1991; 84 (5, Suppl): III40-III46
- 156 Saad WE, Davies MG, Darcy MD. Management of bleeding after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography or transhepatic biliary drain placement. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 11 (01) 60-71
- 157 Sunga KL, Bellolio MF, Gilmore RM, Cabrera D. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma: etiology, characteristics, management, and outcome. J Emerg Med 2012; 43 (02) e157-e161
- 158 Chemelli AP, Thauerer M, Wiedermann F, Strasak A, Klocker J, Chemelli-Steingruber IE. Transcatheter arterial embolization for the management of iatrogenic and blunt traumatic intercostal artery injuries. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49 (06) 1505-1513
- 159 Carrillo EH, Heniford BT, Senler SO, Dykes JR, Maniscalco SP, Richardson JD. Embolization therapy as an alternative to thoracotomy in vascular injuries of the chest wall. Am Surg 1998; 64 (12) 1142-1148
- 160 Kessel B, Alfici R, Ashkenazi I. et al. Massive hemothorax caused by intercostal artery bleeding: selective embolization may be an alternative to thoracotomy in selected patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 52 (04) 234-236
- 161 Tamburini N, Carriel N, Cavallesco G. et al. Technical results, clinical efficacy and predictors of outcome of intercostal arteries embolization for hemothorax: a two-institutions' experience. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11 (11) 4693-4699
- 162 Yoneyama H, Arahata M, Temaru R, Ishizaka S, Minami S. Evaluation of the risk of intercostal artery laceration during thoracentesis in elderly patients by using 3D-CT angiography. Intern Med 2010; 49 (04) 289-292
- 163 Stampfl U, Sommer CM, Bellemann N. et al. Emergency embolization for the treatment of acute hemorrhage from intercostal arteries. Emerg Radiol 2014; 21 (06) 565-570
- 164 Finstein JL, Chin KR, Alvandi F, Lackman RD. Postembolization paralysis in a man with a thoracolumbar giant cell tumor. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006; 453 (453) 335-340
- 165 Vujic I, Pyle R, Parker E, Mithoefer J. Control of massive hemoptysis by embolization of intercostal arteries. Radiology 1980; 137 (03) 617-620
- 166 Hagiwara A, Yanagawa Y, Kaneko N. et al. Indications for transcatheter arterial embolization in persistent hemothorax caused by blunt trauma. J Trauma 2008; 65 (03) 589-594
- 167 Chen JM, Lv J, Ma K, Yan J. Assessment of internal mammary artery injury after blunt chest trauma: a literature review. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 15 (10) 864-869
- 168 Whigham Jr CJ, Fisher RG, Goodman CJ, Dodds CA, Trinh CC. Traumatic injury of the internal mammary artery: embolization versus surgical and nonoperative management. Emerg Radiol 2002; 9 (04) 201-207
- 169 McVay CB. Anson and McVay's Surgical Anatomy. Vol 1, 6th ed.. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1984: 347-349
- 170 Mohlala ML, Vanker EA, Ballaram RS. Internal mammary artery haematoma. S Afr J Surg 1989; 27 (04) 136-138
- 171 Shanmuganathan K, Mirvis SE, Sover ER. Value of contrast-enhanced CT in detecting active hemorrhage in patients with blunt abdominal or pelvic trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161 (01) 65-69
- 172 Geffroy Y, Rodallec MH, Boulay-Coletta I, Jullès MC, Ridereau-Zins C, Zins M. Multidetector CT angiography in acute gastrointestinal bleeding: why, when, and how. Radiographics 2011; 31 (03) E35-E46
- 173 Walker TG, Salazar GM, Waltman AC. Angiographic evaluation and management of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18 (11) 1191-1201
- 174 Graham JM, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL, Beall Jr AC, DeBakey ME. Management of subclavian vascular injuries. J Trauma 1980; 20 (07) 537-544
- 175 McKinley AG, Carrim AT, Robbs JV. Management of proximal axillary and subclavian artery injuries. Br J Surg 2000; 87 (01) 79-85
- 176 Graham JM, Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, DeBakey ME. Vascular injuries of the axilla. Ann Surg 1982; 195 (02) 232-238
- 177 Tillman BW, Vaccaro PS, Starr JE, Das BM. Use of an endovascular occlusion balloon for control of unremitting venous hemorrhage. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43 (02) 399-400
- 178 Danetz JS, Cassano AD, Stoner MC, Ivatury RR, Levy MM. Feasibility of endovascular repair in penetrating axillosubclavian injuries: a retrospective review. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41 (02) 246-254
- 179 Patel AV, Marin ML, Veith FJ, Kerr A, Sanchez LA. Endovascular graft repair of penetrating subclavian artery injuries. J Endovasc Surg 1996; 3 (04) 382-388
- 180 Stecco K, Meier A, Seiver A, Dake M, Zarins C. Endovascular stent-graft placement for treatment of traumatic penetrating subclavian artery injury. J Trauma 2000; 48 (05) 948-950
- 181 Sullivan TM, Bacharach JM, Perl J, Gray B. Endovascular management of unusual aneurysms of the axillary and subclavian arteries. J Endovasc Surg 1996; 3 (04) 389-395
- 182 du Toit DF, Strauss DC, Blaszczyk M, de Villiers R, Warren BL. Endovascular treatment of penetrating thoracic outlet arterial injuries. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 19 (05) 489-495
- 183 Xenos ES, Freeman M, Stevens S, Cassada D, Pacanowski J, Goldman M. Covered stents for injuries of subclavian and axillary arteries. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38 (03) 451-454
- 184 Tingerides C, Annamalai G, Kaduri S, Dey C, Pugash R, David E. Transcatheter arterial embolization for chest wall trauma—10-year experience from a single trauma center. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015; 26 (01) 151-152
- 185 Aoki M, Shibuya K, Kaneko M. et al. Massive hemothorax due to inferior phrenic artery injury after blunt trauma. World J Emerg Surg 2015; 10: 58