Einfluss verschiedener Genvarianten auf den Erfolg von Adipositastherapien

Zusammenfassung

Die Ausbreitung der Adipositas und ihrer Folgen entwickelt sich immer mehr zu einem weltweiten Problem. Adipositas ist eine chronische Krankheit und prädisponiert für viele weitere Erkrankungen. Es gibt vielfältige Ursachen für die Entstehung von Übergewicht. Eine wichtige Komponente spielt die Vererbung. Um den genetischen Hintergrund der Adipositas besser zu verstehen, werden genomweite Assoziationsstudien durchgeführt. Diese Analysen identifizierten bisher über 100 Genloci, die mit der Adipositas in Verbindung gebracht werden konnten. Weitere Forschungsarbeiten befassen sich mit der Hypothese, dass Polymorphismen der adipositasassoziierten Gene das Ansprechen auf Behandlungsansätze beeinflussen könnten. 90 % aller Varianten des Humangenoms bestehen aus Einzelnukleotid-Polymorphismen, auch „single nucleotide polymorphisms“ (SNPs) genannt. Diese Genvarianten können mit einem bestimmten Phänotyp bzw. einer Krankheit assoziiert werden. Inwieweit sich SNPs auf den Energiestoffwechsel und die Regulation des Körpergewichts auswirken, ist noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt. Dennoch wird vermutet, dass der Genotyp einen Einfluss auf die Entstehung, sowie den Behandlungserfolg von Adipositas ausübt. Individuen unterscheiden sich während einer kalorienreduzierten Diät oder nach einem bariatrischen Eingriff im Ausmaß der Gewichtsabnahme. SNPs könnten diese Unterschiede erklären. Welche Genvarianten sich als genotypische Marker im Vorfeld einer Gewichtsreduktion eignen und inwiefern sich dadurch der Erfolg prognostizieren lässt, werden jedoch zukünftige Forschungen zeigen müssen. Mit diesem Wissen könnte die bestmögliche Adipositastherapie für jeden einzelnen Patienten durchgeführt werden. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Studien, die den Zusammenhang von Genvarianten und Gewichtsverlust im Rahmen einer Adipositastherapie untersucht haben.

Abstract

Obesity is a growing worldwide problem. This chronical disease is associated with various comorbidities. The causes of obesity are multifarious, inheritance plays an important role. To better understand the genetic basis of obesity genome-wide association studies were and still are conducted. These analyses indicate which genes are associated with obesity. Up to now, over 100 genes have been identified. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) variants represent 90 % of the genetic polymorphism in humans. Their effects on gene functions and phenotypes are relevant to certain disease pathogenesis. Obese patients have shown varying success with losing weight. SNPs may be responsible for this diversity among individuals. Recent study results indicate that obesity predisposing SNPs may influence the response to treatment. Future genetic studies have to point out which genetic variants may be considered as genetic markers to help clinicians choosing the most adapted diet or surgery for each obese patient individually. This article summarizes recently published studies about the influence of SNPs on the effectivity of obesity therapy.

Schlüsselwörter

Adipositas - SNPs - Gewichtsreduktion

Keywords

Obesity - SNPs - weight loss

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