PDF herunterladen
Int J Sports Med 2017; 38(11): 819-826
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112342
Physiology & Biochemistry
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Performance Factors in a Mountain Ultramarathon

Pascal Balducci
1   Univ Lyon – University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424 – Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science
,
Michel Clémençon
1   Univ Lyon – University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424 – Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science
,
Robin Trama
1   Univ Lyon – University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424 – Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science
,
Yoann Blache
1   Univ Lyon – University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424 – Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science
,
Christophe Hautier
1   Univ Lyon – University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424 – Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf



accepted 18. Mai 2017

Publikationsdatum:
10. August 2017 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

This study aimed to determine mountain ultra-marathon (MUM) performance factors in a large group of endurance mountain runners. Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was assessed one week prior to the MUM. The level and graded (10%) energy cost of running, stiffness, knee extensors force (KEf), and jump height on a counter movement jump (CMJ) were measured in 24 male ultra runners before (pre) and immediately after (post) the Interlacs Trail (75 km and 3 930/3 700 m d+/d−). Performance time was correlated with MAS (r=− 0.74, p<0.001), fraction of MAS (FMAS) sustained (r=− 0.89, p<0.001), KEf (r=− 0.51, p<0.05), and KEf loss (r=− 0.51, p<0.05). A multiple regression analysis was performed using performance time in minutes (T) and the calculated individual characteristics, resulting in T=− 11.852×FMAS−37.195×MAS−0.118×KEf+2090.581 (R2=0.98, with 95% confidence interval). Contrary to expectations, performance was neither correlated to the level or uphill energy cost of running nor to the changes of these costs post-MUM. To perform in a MUM, training should take into account muscle strength of the KE, MAS and FMAS.

Key words

trail running - running economy - step frequency - isometric force - energy cost of running
 

  • References

  • 1 Balducci P, Clémençon M, Morel B, Quiniou G, Saboul D, Hautier CA. Comparison of level and graded treadmill tests to evaluate endurance mountain runners. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15: 239-246
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Barnes KR, Kilding AE. Running economy: Measurement, norms, and determining factors. Sports Med 2015; 1: 1-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: 377-381
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Castagna C, Castellini E. Vertical jump performance in Italian male and female national team soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 1156-1161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Cazorla G, Léger L. Comment évaluer et développer vos capacités aérobies: épreuves de course navette et épreuve Vam-Eval. In: Paris: AREAPS; 1993: 123
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Costill DL. Metabolic responses during distance running. J Appl Physiol 1970; 28: 251-255
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Dalleau G, Belli A, Viale F, Lacour JR, Bourdin M. A simple method for field measurements of leg stiffness in hopping. Int J Sports Med 2004; 25: 170-176
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Denadai BS, de Aguiar RA, de Lima LCR, Greco CC, Caputo F. Explosive training and heavy weight training are effective for improving running economy in endurance athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2017; 47: 545-554
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 di Prampero PE, Atchou G, Bruckner JC, Moia C. The energetics of endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol 1986; 55: 259-266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 di Prampero PE, Salvadego D, Fusi S, Grassi B. A simple method for assessing the energy cost of running during incremental tests. J Appl Physiol 2009; 107: 1068-1075
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Dias JA, Dal Pupo J, Reis DC, Borges L, Santos SG, Moro AR, Borges Jr NG. Validity of two methods for estimation of vertical jump height. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 2034-2039
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Docherty D, Robbins D, Hodgson M. Complex training revisited: a review of its current status as a viable training approach. Strength Cond J 2004; 26: 52-57
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Giandolini M, Vernillo G, Samozino P, Horvais N, Edwards WB, Morin J-B, Millet GY. Fatigue associated with prolonged graded running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 10: 1-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Gimenez P, Kerhervé H, Messonnier LA, Féasson L, Millet GY. Changes in the energy cost of running during a 24-h treadmill exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45: 1807-1813
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Giovanelli N, Ortiz ALR, Henninger K, Kram R. Energetics of vertical kilometer foot races; is steeper cheaper?. J Appl Physiol 2016; 120: 370-375
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Giovanelli N, Taboga P, Rejc E, Simunic B, Antonutto G, Lazzer S. Effects of an uphill marathon on running mechanics and lower-limb muscle fatigue. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016; 11: 522-529
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Harriss D, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2016 update. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 1121-1124
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Impellizzeri FM, Maffiuletti NA. Convergent evidence for construct validity of a 7-point likert scale of lower limb muscle soreness. Clin J Sport Med 2007; 17: 494-496
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Lazzer S, Salvadego D, Rejc E, Buglione A, Antonutto G, Di Prampero PE. The energetics of ultra-endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 1709-1715
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Lazzer S, Salvadego D, Taboga P, Rejc E, Giovanelli N, di Prampero PE. Effects of the Etna uphill ultramarathon on energy cost and mechanics of running. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10: 238-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Lazzer S, Taboga P, Salvadego D, Rejc E, Simunic B, Narici MV, Buglione A, Giovanelli N, Antonutto G, Grassi B. Factors affecting metabolic cost of transport during a multi-stage running race. J Exp Biol 2014; 217: 787-795
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Lienhard K, Schneider D, Maffiuletti NA. Validity of the Optogait photoelectric system for the assessment of spatiotemporal gait parameters. Med Eng Phys 2013; 35: 500-504
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Macfarlane D, Wong P. Validity, reliability and stability of the portable Cortex Metamax 3B gas analysis system. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 2539-2547
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Margaria R, Cerretelli P, Aghemo P, Sassi G. Energy cost of running. J Appl Physiol 1963; 18: 367-370
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Markovic G, Dizdar D, Jukic I, Cardinale M. Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. J Strength Cond Res 2004; 18: 551-555
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Medbo JI, Mohn AC, Tabata I, Bahr R, Vaage O, Sejersted OM. Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O2 deficit. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64: 50-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Millet GP. Economy is not sacrificed in ultramarathon runners. J Appl Physiol 2012; 113: 686-686
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Millet GY. Can neuromuscular fatigue explain running strategies and performance in ultra-marathons?. Sports Med 2011; 41: 489-506
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Millet GY, Banfi J, Kerherve H, Morin J, Vincent L, Estrade C, Geyssant A, Feasson L. Physiological and biological factors associated with a 24 h treadmill ultra–marathon performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21: 54-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Millet GY, Hoffman MD, Morin J-B. Sacrificing economy to improve running performance—a reality in the ultramarathon?. J Appl Physiol 2012; 113: 507-509
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Millet GY, Lepers R, Lattier G, Martin V, Babault N, Maffiuletti N. Influence of ultra-long-term fatigue on the oxygen cost of two types of locomotion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 83: 376-380
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Millet GY, Lepers R, Maffiuletti N, Babault N, Martin V, Lattier G. Alterations of neuromuscular function after an ultramarathon. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 486-492
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Millet GY, Tomazin K, Verges S, Vincent C, Bonnefoy R, Boisson R-C, Gergelé L, Féasson L, Martin V. Neuromuscular consequences of an extreme mountain ultra-marathon. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17059
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Minetti AE, Moia C, Roi GS, Susta D, Ferretti G. Energy cost of walking and running at extreme uphill and downhill slopes. J Appl Physiol 2002; 93: 1039-1046
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Morin J, Tomazin K, Edouard P, Millet G. Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race. J Biomech 2011; 44: 1104-1107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Mounier R, Pialoux V, Mischler I, Coudert J, Fellmann N. Effect of hypervolemia on heart rate during 4 days of prolonged exercises. Int J Sports Med 2003; 24: 523-529
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Rønnestad BR, Mujika I. Optimizing strength training for running and cycling endurance performance: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24: 603-612
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Rubenson J, Heliams DB, Lloyd DG, Fournier PA. Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase. Proc Biol Sci 2004; 271: 1091-1099
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Saugy J, Place N, Millet GY, Degache F, Schena F, Millet GP. Alterations of neuromuscular function after the world's most challenging mountain ultra-marathon. PLoS One 2013; 8: e65596
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Temesi J, Arnal PJ, Rupp T, Féasson L, Cartier R, Gergelé L, Verges S, Martin V, Millet GY. Are females more resistant to extreme neuromuscular fatigue?. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47: 1372-1382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Vernillo G, Giandolini M, Edwards WB, Morin J-B, Samozino P, Horvais N, Millet GY. Biomechanics and physiology of uphill and downhill running. Sports Med 2016; 47: 615-629
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Vernillo G, Savoldelli A, Skafidas S, Zignoli A, La Torre A, Pellegrini B, Giardini G, Trabucchi P, Millet GP, Schena F. An extreme mountain ultra-marathon decreases the cost of uphill walking and running. Front Physiol 2016; 7: 530
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Vernillo G, Savoldelli A, Zignoli A, Skafidas S, Fornasiero A, La Torre A, Bortolan L, Pellegrini B, Schena F. Energy cost and kinematics of level, uphill and downhill running: Fatigue-induced changes after a mountain ultramarathon. J Sports Sci 2015; 33: 1998-2005
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Vernillo G, Savoldelli A, Zignoli A, Trabucchi P, Pellegrini B, Millet GP, Schena F. Influence of the world’s most challenging mountain ultra-marathon on energy cost and running mechanics. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114: 929-939
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Voloshina AS, Ferris DP. Biomechanics and energetics of running on uneven terrain. J Exp Biol 2015; 218: 711-719
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Yokozawa T, Fujii N, Ae M. Muscle activities of the lower limb during level and uphill running. J Biomech 2007; 40: 3467-3475
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Zamparo P, Perini R, Orizio C, Sacher M, Ferretti G. The energy cost of walking or running on sand. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 65: 183-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar