Sonografie in der Onkologie, eine Bestandsaufnahme

Corinna Trenker; Christian Görg; Christian Jenssen; Stefan Klein; Andreas Neubauer; Uwe Wagner; Christoph F. Dietrich

doi:10.1055/s-0043-112654

Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie, Table of Contents

Z Gastroenterol 2017; 55(10): 1021-1037
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112654

Übersicht

Sonografie in der Onkologie, eine Bestandsaufnahme

Ultrasound in oncology, current perspectives

Corinna Trenker

¹Department of Haematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg

,

Christian Görg

²Interdisciplinary Center of Ultrasound, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße Marburg

,

Christian Jenssen

³Klinik für Innere Medizin, Krankenhaus Märkisch Oderland GmbH Strausberg/Wriezen, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg „Theodor Fontane“

,

Stefan Klein

⁴Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Clinic Mannheim, Germany

,

Andreas Neubauer

¹Department of Haematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg

,

Uwe Wagner

⁵Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg

,

Christoph F. Dietrich

⁶Department of Internal Medicine 2, Caritas Krankenhaus, Bad Mergentheim, Germany

⁷Ultrasound Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Zusammenfassung

In der Tumordiagnostik, insbesondere in der Ausbreitungsdiagnostik bei Tumorpatienten, stellt die Sonografie im Zeitalter moderner Schnittbildverfahren (Computertomografie (CT)/Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT)/Positronenemissionstomografie (PET-CT)) überwiegend eine additive Untersuchungsmethode dar, da die Methode u. a. durch Interobservervaribilität und Schallbedingungen limitiert ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, spezielle onkologische Fragestellungen an die Sonografie herauszuarbeiten und die Anforderungen an die Sonografie und den Stellenwert der Methode in der Diagnostik von Tumorerkrankungen im Zeitalter von CT, MRT und PET-CT darzustellen. Grundsätzlich sind Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Sonografie in der Primärdiagnostik, Ausbreitungsdiagnostik, der Beurteilung des Therapieansprechens und in der Tumornachsorge zu differenzieren. Diese werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Leitlinien der European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) und der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V. [1] sowie der Anforderungen im klinischen Alltag erörtert.

Abstract

In tumor diagnostics, especially in the staging diagnostic of tumor patients, ultrasound is predominantly an additive method in the age of modern imaging (CT/MRT/PET-CT), because of the limitation by interobserver variability and poor sound conditions. The aim of this thesis is to elaborate specific oncological questions on the sonography and to describe the requirements for sonography and the importance of the method in the diagnosis of tumor diseases in the age of CT, MRT and PET-CT. In general, the requirements on the sonography must be differentiated between primary diagnosis, staging diagnostic, treatment response, and tumor aftercare. This paper will present these in the context of the current guidelines of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) and the Working Community of the Scientific Medical Societies as well as the requirements in clinical practice.

Schlüsselwörter

Leitlinien - Empfehlungen - Neoplasie - Onkologie - Hämatologie

Key words

guidelines - recommendation - neoplasia - oncology - hematology

Full Text

References

Literatur
1 Becker D. Kursbuch Ultraschall: Nach den Richtlinien der DEGUM und der KBV; 48 Tabellen. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 2008
2 Dietrich CF, Goudie A, Chiorean L. et al. Point of Care Ultrasound: A WFUMB Position Paper. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017; 43: 49-58
3 Wastl D, Borgmann T, Helwig K. et al. Rapid diagnostic in the emergency unit: bedside sonography. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2016; 141: 317-321
4 Dietrich CF, Hocke M, Braden B. Echoscopy. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2015; 104: 1005-1012
5 Barreiros AP, Cui XW, Ignee A. et al. EchoScopy in scanning abdominal diseases: initial clinical experience. Z Gastroenterol 2014; 52: 269-275
6 Nurnberg D, Jenssen C, Cui X. et al. Ultrasound in palliative care medicine. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 409-416
7 Gorg C, Kunsch S, Neesse A. Incidental findings in abdominal ultrasound. Characteristics and clinical interpretation. Internist (Berl) 2014; 55: 998, 1000-1002, 1004–1006 passim
8 Dietrich CF, Sharma M, Gibson RN. et al. Fortuitously discovered liver lesions. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 3173-3188
9 Dietrich CF, Jenssen C. Focal liver lesion, incidental finding. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2012; 137: 2099-2116
10 Sumi M, Ohki M, Nakamura T. Comparison of sonography and CT for differentiating benign from malignant cervical lymph nodes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176: 1019-1024
11 Cui XW, Hocke M, Jenssen C. et al. Conventional ultrasound for lymph node evaluation, update 2013. Z Gastroenterol 2014; 52: 212-221
12 Leicher-Duber A, Bleier R, Duber C. et al. Cervical lymph node metastases: a histologically controlled comparison of palpation, sonography and computed tomography. Rofo 1990; 153: 575-579
13 Chiorean L, Cui XW, Klein SA. et al. Clinical value of imaging for lymph nodes evaluation with particular emphasis on ultrasonography. Z Gastroenterol 2016; 54: 774-790
14 Jenssen C, Hocke M, Fusaroli P. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part IV – EUS-guided interventions: General Aspects and EUS-guided Sampling (Short Version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 157-169
15 Jenssen C, Hocke M, Fusaroli P. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part IV – EUS-guided Interventions: General aspects and EUS-guided sampling (Long Version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: E33-E76
16 Fusaroli P, Jenssen C, Hocke M. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part V – EUS-Guided Therapeutic Interventions (short version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 412-420
17 Fusaroli P, Jenssen C, Hocke M. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part V. Ultraschall in Med 2017; 37: 77-99
18 Dietrich CF, Annema JT, Clementsen P. et al. Ultrasound techniques in the evaluation of the mediastinum, part I: endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and transcutaneous mediastinal ultrasound (TMUS), introduction into ultrasound techniques. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: E311-E325
19 Jenssen C, Annema JT, Clementsen P. et al. Ultrasound techniques in the evaluation of the mediastinum, part 2: mediastinal lymph node anatomy and diagnostic reach of ultrasound techniques, clinical work up of neoplastic and inflammatory mediastinal lymphadenopathy using ultrasound techniques and how to learn mediastinal endosonography. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: E439-E458
20 Jenssen C, Annema JT, Zels K. et al. Endosonographische Evaluierung von Lunge und Mediastinum. EndHeu 2014; 27: 37-44
21 Cui XW, Jenssen C, Saftoiu A. et al. New ultrasound techniques for lymph node evaluation. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 4850-4860
22 Toma P, Granata C, Rossi A. et al. Multimodality imaging of Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in children. Radiographics 2007; 27: 1335-1354
23 Chiorean L, Barr RG, Braden B. et al. Transcutaneous Ultrasound: Elastographic Lymph Node Evaluation. Current Clinical Applications and Literature Review. Ultrasound Med Biol 2016; 42: 16-30
24 Schreiber-Dietrich D, Pohl M, Cui XW. et al. Perihepatic lymphadenopathy in children with chronic viral hepatitis. J Ultrason 2015; 15: 137-150
25 Tana C, Dietrich CF, Schiavone C. Hepatosplenic sarcoidosis: contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings and implications for clinical practice. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 926203
26 Hirche TO, Hirche H, Cui XW. et al. Ultrasound evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with sarcoidosis. Med Ultrason 2014; 16: 194-200
27 Dietrich CF, Hocke M, Jenssen C. Ultrasound for abdominal lymphadenopathy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2013; 138: 1001-1018
28 Braden B, Faust D, Ignee A. et al. Clinical relevance of perihepatic lymphadenopathy in acute and chronic liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 931-936
29 Rettenbacher T. Sonography of peripheral lymph nodes part 1: normal findings and B-image criteria. Ultraschall in Med 2010; 31: 344-362
30 Esen G. Ultrasound of superficial lymph nodes. Eur J Radiol 2006; 58: 345-359
31 Ignee A, Boerner N, Bruening A. et al. Duplexsonography of the mesenteric vessels – a critical evaluation of inter observer variability. Z Gastroenterol 2016; 54: 304-311
32 Piscaglia F, Nolsoe C, Dietrich CF. et al. The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Practice of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS): update 2011 on non-hepatic applications. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33: 33-59
33 Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver--update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 11-29
34 Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver – update 2012: A WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013; 39: 187-210
35 Dietrich CF, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Hocke M. Comments on the EFSUMB non-liver Guidelines 2011. Praxis.(Bern.1994.) 2012; 101: 1175-1181
36 Dietrich CF, Cui XW, Barreiros AP. et al. EFSUMB guidelines 2011: comment on emergent indications and visions. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33 (Suppl. 01) S39-S47
37 Dietrich CF, Cui XW, Schreiber-Dietrich DG. et al. EFSUMB guidelines 2011: comments and illustrations. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33 (Suppl. 01) S11-S21
38 Dietrich CF. Liver tumor characterization--comments and illustrations regarding guidelines. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33 (Suppl. 01) S22-S30
39 Bamber J, Cosgrove D, Dietrich CF. et al. EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 1: Basic principles and technology. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 169-184
40 Cosgrove D, Piscaglia F, Bamber J. et al. EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 2: Clinical applications. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 238-253
41 Shiina T, Nightingale KR, Palmeri ML. et al. WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 1: basic principles and terminology. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015; 41: 1126-1147
42 Barr RG, Nakashima K, Amy D. et al. WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 2: breast. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015; 41: 1148-1160
43 Ferraioli G, Filice C, Castera L. et al. WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 3: liver. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015; 41: 1161-1179
44 Cosgrove D, Barr R, Bojunga J. et al. WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 4. Thyroid. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017; 43: 4-26
45 Barr RG, Cosgrove D, Brock M. et al. WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 5. Prostate. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017; 43: 27-48
46 Piscaglia F, Nolsoe C, Dietrich CF. et al. The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Practice of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS): update 2011 on non-hepatic applications. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33: 33-59
47 Janssen J, Dietrich CF, Will U. et al. Endosonographic elastography in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymph nodes. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 952-957
48 Dietrich CF, Jenssen C, Arcidiacono PG. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound: Elastographic lymph node evaluation. Endosc Ultrasound 2015; 4: 176-190
49 Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Appelbaum L. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part III – Abdominal Treatment Procedures (Short Version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 27-45
50 Sidhu PS, Brabrand K, Cantisani V. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part II. Ultraschall in Med 2015; 36: 566-580
51 Dietrich CF, Horn R, Morf S. et al. US-guided peripheral vascular interventions, comments on the EFSUMB guidelines. Med Ultrason 2016; 18: 231-239
52 Strobel D, Bernatik T, Blank W. et al. Incidence of bleeding in 8172 percutaneous ultrasound-guided intraabdominal diagnostic and therapeutic interventions – results of the prospective multicenter DEGUM interventional ultrasound study (PIUS study). Ultraschall in Med 2015; 36: 122-131
53 Jenssen C, Alvarez-Sanchez MV, Napoleon B. et al. Diagnostic endoscopic ultrasonography: assessment of safety and prevention of complications. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 4659-4676
54 Heller E, Gorg C. Focal liver lesions in patients with malignant haematological disease: value of B-mode ultrasound in comparison to contrast-enhanced ultrasound--a retrospective study with N = 61 patients. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 558-567
55 Maruyama H, Takahashi M, Ishibashi H. et al. Ultrasound-guided treatments under low acoustic power contrast harmonic imaging for hepatocellular carcinomas undetected by B-mode ultrasonography. Liver Int 2009; 29: 708-714
56 Foschi FG, Dall'Aglio AC, Marano G. et al. Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in primary hepatic lymphoma. J Ultrasound Med 2010; 29: 1353-1356
57 Trenker C, Kunsch S, Michl P. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in hepatic lymphoma: retrospective evaluation in 38 cases. Ultraschall in Med 2014; 35: 142-148
58 Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J. et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 228-247
59 Dietrich CF, Averkiou MA, Correas JM. et al. An EFSUMB introduction into Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) for quantification of tumour perfusion. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33: 344-351
60 Peil-Grun A, Goerg C. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of residual lesions after treatment in patients with lymphoma and testicular germ cell cancer. Ultraschall 2016; 37: SL1-SL4
61 Bernatik T, Schuler A, Kunze G. et al. Benefit of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Follow-Up Care of Patients with Colon Cancer: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Ultraschall in Med 2015; 36: 590-593
62 Jenssen C, Brkljacic B, Hocke M. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part VI – Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Interventions. Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 473-476
63 Goeckenjan G, Sitter H, Thomas M. et al. Prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up of lung cancer. Interdisciplinary guideline of the German Respiratory Society and the German Cancer Society--abridged version. Pneumologie 2011; 65: e51-e75
64 Goeckenjan G, Sitter H, Thomas M. et al. Prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up of lung cancer. Pneumologie 2010; 64 (Suppl. 02) e1-e164
65 Vilmann P, Frost Clementsen P, Colella S. et al. Combined endobronchial and esophageal endosonography for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline, in cooperation with the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 48: 1-15
66 Sihoe AD, Lee TW, Ahuja AT. et al. Should cervical ultrasonography be a routine staging investigation for lung cancer patients with impalpable cervical lymph nodes?. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 25: 486-491
67 Hoosein MM, Barnes D, Khan AN. et al. The importance of ultrasound in staging and gaining a pathological diagnosis in patients with lung cancer--a two year single centre experience. Thorax 2011; 66: 414-417
68 van Overhagen H, Brakel K, Heijenbrok MW. et al. Metastases in supraclavicular lymph nodes in lung cancer: assessment with palpation, US, and CT. Radiology 2004; 232: 75-80
69 Fultz PJ, Feins RH, Strang JG. et al. Detection and diagnosis of nonpalpable supraclavicular lymph nodes in lung cancer at CT and US. Radiology 2002; 222: 245-251
70 Prosch H, Strasser G, Sonka C. et al. Cervical ultrasound (US) and US-guided lymph node biopsy as a routine procedure for staging of lung cancer. Ultraschall in Med 2007; 28: 598-603
71 Choe J, Kim MY, Baek JH. et al. Ultrasonography-Guided Core Biopsy of Supraclavicular Lymph Nodes for Diagnosis of Metastasis and Identification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Mutation in Advanced Lung Cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94: e1209
72 Awwad A, Tiwari S, Sovani V. et al. Reliable EGFR mutation testing in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular lymph node fine-needle aspirates: a cohort study with diagnostic performance analysis. BMJ Open Respir Res 2015; 2: e000075
73 Greten T. S3-Leitlinie AWMF: Hepatozelluläres Karzinom. Available from: http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/032-053OLl_S3_Hepatozellul%C3%A4res_Karzinom_Diagnostik_Therapie_2013-verlaengert.pdf
74 Khalili K, Kim TK, Jang HJ. et al. Optimization of imaging diagnosis of 1–2 cm hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of diagnostic performance and resource utilization. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 723-728
75 Kim JE, Kim SH, Lee SJ. et al. Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma 1 cm or smaller in patients with chronic liver disease: characterization with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI that includes diffusion-weighted imaging. Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196: W758-W765
76 Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C. et al. Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: Prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2008; 47: 97-104
77 Baek CK, Choi JY, Kim KA. et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: a comparison of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and multiphasic MDCT. Clin Radiol 2012; 67: 148-156
78 Addley HC, Griffin N, Shaw AS. et al. Accuracy of hepatocellular carcinoma detection on multidetector CT in a transplant liver population with explant liver correlation. Clin Radiol 2011; 66: 349-356
79 Burrel M, Llovet JM, Ayuso C. et al. MRI angiography is superior to helical CT for detection of HCC prior to liver transplantation: an explant correlation. Hepatology 2003; 38: 1034-1042
80 Sangiovanni A, Manini MA, Iavarone M. et al. The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Gut 2010; 59: 638-644
81 Leoni S, Piscaglia F, Golfieri R. et al. The impact of vascular and nonvascular findings on the noninvasive diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma based on the EASL and AASLD criteria. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 599-609
82 Sheu JC, Sung JL, Chen DS. et al. Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 259-266
83 Dietrich CF, Cui XW, Chiorean L. et al. Local ablative procedures of the liver. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 579-590
84 Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Sidhu PS. et al. An Introduction to the EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS). Ultraschall in Med 2015; 36: 460-463
85 Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Appelbaum L. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part III – Abdominal Treatment Procedures (Long Version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: E1-E32
86 Rahner N, Reinacher A, Schick JF. et al. S3 Leitlinie der AWMF: Kolorektales Karzinom; Available from: file:///C:/Users/Corinna/Desktop/Rolle%20der%20Sonographie%20in%20Hämatologie%20und%20Onkologie/Leitlinien/S3%20Leitlinie%20Kolorektales%20karziom.pdffl.
87 Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P. What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer?. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 303-312
88 Bipat S, Glas AS, Slors FJ. et al. Rectal cancer: local staging and assessment of lymph node involvement with endoluminal US, CT, and MR imaging--a meta-analysis. Radiology 2004; 232: 773-783
89 Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML. et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound to diagnose nodal invasion by rectal cancers: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 1255-1265
90 Ahmetoglu A, Cansu A, Baki D. et al. MDCT with multiplanar reconstruction in the preoperative local staging of rectal tumor. Abdom Imaging 2011; 36: 31-37
91 Kim YW, Kim NK, Min BS. et al. A prospective comparison study for predicting circumferential resection margin between preoperative MRI and whole mount sections in mid-rectal cancer: significance of different scan planes. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34: 648-654
92 Merkel S, Mansmann U, Siassi M. et al. The prognostic inhomogeneity in pT3 rectal carcinomas. Int J Colorectal Dis 2001; 16: 298-304
93 Kim YW, Cha SW, Pyo J. et al. Factors related to preoperative assessment of the circumferential resection margin and the extent of mesorectal invasion by magnetic resonance imaging in rectal cancer: a prospective comparison study. World J Surg 2009; 33: 1952-1960
94 Floriani I, Torri V, Rulli E. et al. Performance of imaging modalities in diagnosis of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31: 19-31
95 Rafaelsen SR, Jakobsen A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound vs multidetector-computed tomography for detecting liver metastases in colorectal cancer: a prospective, blinded, patient-by-patient analysis. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13: 420-425
96 Quaia E, D'Onofrio M, Palumbo A. et al. Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography versus baseline ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography in metastatic disease of the liver: diagnostic performance and confidence. Eur Radiol 2006; 16: 1599-1609
97 Niekel MC, Bipat S, Stoker J. Diagnostic imaging of colorectal liver metastases with CT, MR imaging, FDG PET, and/or FDG PET/CT: a meta-analysis of prospective studies including patients who have not previously undergone treatment. Radiology 2010; 257: 674-684
98 Mainenti PP, Mancini M, Mainolfi C. et al. Detection of colo-rectal liver metastases: prospective comparison of contrast enhanced US, multidetector CT, PET/CT, and 1.5 Tesla MR with extracellular and reticulo-endothelial cell specific contrast agents. Abdom Imaging 2010; 35: 511-521
99 Makela JT, Laitinen SO, Kairaluoma MI. Five-year follow-up after radical surgery for colorectal cancer. Results of a prospective randomized trial. Arch Surg 1995; 130: 1062-1067
100 Ohlsson B, Breland U, Ekberg H. et al. Follow-up after curative surgery for colorectal carcinoma. Randomized comparison with no follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38: 619-626
101 Pietra N, Sarli L, Costi R. et al. Role of follow-up in management of local recurrences of colorectal cancer: a prospective, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41: 1127-1133
102 Schoemaker D, Black R, Giles L. et al. Yearly colonoscopy, liver CT, and chest radiography do not influence 5-year survival of colorectal cancer patients. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 7-14
103 Jeffery GM, Hickey BE, Hider P. Follow-up strategies for patients treated for non-metastatic colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; CD002200
104 Berman JM, Cheung RJ, Weinberg DS. Surveillance after colorectal cancer resection. Lancet 2000; 355: 395-399
105 Hunerbein M, Totkas S, Moesta KT. et al. The role of transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy in the postoperative follow-up of patients with rectal cancer. Surgery 2001; 129: 164-169
106 Dietrich CF, Lembcke B, Jenssen C. et al. Intestinal ultrasound in rare gastrointestinal diseases, update, part 1. Ultraschall in Med 2014; 35: 400-421
107 Dietrich CF, Lembcke B, Jenssen C. et al. Intestinal Ultrasound in Rare Gastrointestinal Diseases, Update, Part 2. Ultraschall in Med 2015; 36: 428-456
108 Dietrich CF, Brunner V, Seifert H. et al. Intestinal B-mode sonography in patients with endemic sprue. Intestinal sonography in endemic sprue. Ultraschall in Med 1999; 20: 242-247
109 Atkinson NS, Bryant RV, Dong Y. et al. WFUMB Position Paper. Learning Gastrointestinal Ultrasound: Theory and Practice. Ultrasound Med Biol 2016; 42: 2732-2742
110 Schreiber-Dietrich D, Chiorean L, Cui XW. et al. Particularities of Crohn's disease in pediatric patients: current status and perspectives regarding imaging modalities. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 9: 1313-1325
111 Chiorean L, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Braden B. et al. Ultrasonographic imaging of inflammatory bowel disease in pediatric patients. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 5231-5241
112 Nylund K, Maconi G, Hollerweger A. et al. EFSUMB Recommendations and Guidelines for Gastrointestinal Ultrasound – Part 1: Examination Techniques and Normal Findings (Long version). Ultraschall in Med 2017; 38: e1-e15
113 Nylund K, Maconi G, Hollerweger A. et al. EFSUMB Recommendations and Guidelines for Gastrointestinal Ultrasound – Part 1: Examination Techniques and Normal Findings (Short version). Ultraschall in Med 2017; 38: 273-284
114 Jenssen C, Lauer NJ, Burmester E. et al. „Art meets Science" – Gedanken zu Schnittstellen zwischen Kunst und Wissenschaft. Das Spannungsfeld von Information und ästhetischer Faszination in Endoskopie und Bildgebung. Endo heute 2013; 26: 2-12
115 Kreinberg R, Albert U, Vollmann M. S3 Leitlinie der AWMF: Mammakarzinom. Available from: http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/032-045OL_l_S3__Brustkrebs_Mammakarzinom_Diagnostik_Therapie_Nachsorge_2012-07.pdfal
116 Albert US, Altland H, Duda V. et al. Summary of the updated stage 3 guideline for early detection of breast cancer in Germany 2008. Rofo 2008; 180: 455-465
117 NICE. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE): Early and locally advanced breast cancer: diagnosis and treatment.2009b.
118 NZGG. New Zealand Guidelines Group: Management of e.
119 Madjar H. Role of Breast Ultrasound for the Detection and Differentiation of Breast Lesions. Breast Care (Basel) 2010; 5: 109-114
120 Madjar H, Ohlinger R, Mundinger A. et al. BI-RADS-analogue DEGUM criteria for findings in breast ultrasound--consensus of the DEGUM Committee on Breast Ultrasound. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: 374-379
121 NCCN. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast cancer. 2011
122 Alderson PO, Adams DF, McNeil BJ. et al. Computed tomography, ultrasound, and scintigraphy of the liver in patients with colon or breast carcinoma: a prospective comparison. Radiology 1983; 149: 225-230
123 Crump M, Goss PE, Prince M. et al. Outcome of extensive evaluation before adjuvant therapy in women with breast cancer and 10 or more positive axillary lymph nodes. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 66-69
124 Grunfeld E, Noorani H, McGahan L. et al. Surveillance mammography after treatment of primary breast cancer: a systematic review. Breast cancer 2002; 11: 228-235
125 Khatcheressian JL, Wolff AC, Smith TJ. et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2006 update of the breast cancer follow-up and management guidelines in the adjuvant setting. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 5091-5097
126 Loprinzi C. Follow-up care after breast cancer treatment. Mayo Clinic women's healthsource 2004; 8: 1-2
127 Aguiar-Bujanda D, Bohn-Sarmiento U, Aguiar-Morales J. False elevation of serum CA 15-3 levels in patients under follow-up for breast cancer. The breast journal 2004; 10: 375-376
128 Bornhak S, Heidemann E, Meisner C. et al. Symptom-oriented follow-up of early breast cancer compared to intensive surveillance. Results of a prospective multicentre study: update and 10-year overall survival. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2012; 137: 2142-2148
129 Rojas MP, Telaro E, Russo A. et al. Follow-up strategies for women treated for early breast cancer. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2000
130 Rojas MP, Telaro E, Russo A. et al. Follow-up strategies for women treated for early breast cancer. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2005
131 The GIVIO Investigators. Impact of follow-up testing on survival and health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients. A multicenter randomized controlled trial.. JAMA 1994; 271: 1587-1592
132 Hayes DF. Clinical practice. Follow-up of patients with early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2505-2513
133 Geller BM, Kerlikowske K, Carney PA. et al. Mammography surveillance following breast cancer. Breast cancer research and treatment 2003; 81: 107-115
134 Johnson RC, Banerjee D, Webster DJ. Mastectomy follow-up by biennial mammograms: is it worthwhile?. Breast 2000; 9: 93-95
135 Jubelirer SJ. Surveillance testing in patients with early stage breast cancer: a review. W V Med J 1998; 94: 14-17
136 Kollias J, Evans AJ, Wilson AR. et al. Value of contralateral surveillance mammography for primary breast cancer follow-up. World J Surg 2000; 24: 983-987 discussion 988–989
137 Nam EJ, Yun MJ, Oh YT. et al. Diagnosis and staging of primary ovarian cancer: correlation between PET/CT, Doppler US, and CT or MRI. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116: 389-394
138 Kinkel K, Lu Y, Mehdizade A. et al. Indeterminate ovarian mass at US: incremental value of second imaging test for characterization--meta-analysis and Bayesian analysis. Radiology 2005; 236: 85-94
139 Wagner U. S3-Leitlinie AWMF: Maligne Ovarialtumore. 2013 http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/032-035OLl_Maligne_Ovarialtumoren_Diagnostik_Therapie_Nachsorge_2013-verlaengert.pdf
140 Rustin GJ, van der Burg ME, Griffin CL. et al. Early versus delayed treatment of relapsed ovarian cancer (MRC OV05/EORTC 55955): a randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1155-1163
141 Bafounta ML, Beauchet A, Chagnon S. et al. Ultrasonography or palpation for detection of melanoma nodal invasion: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5: 673-680
142 Altmann U. S3-Leitlinie AWMF: Malignes Melanom. Available from: http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/032-024l_S3_Melanom_Diagnostik_Therapie_Nachsorge_2013-verlaengert.pdf
143 Valsecchi ME, Silbermins D, de Rosa N. et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with melanoma: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 1479-1487
144 Warycha MA, Zakrzewski J, Ni Q. et al. Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node positivity in thin melanoma (<or=1 mm). Cancer 2009; 115: 869-879
145 Kunte C, Geimer T, Baumert J. et al. Prognostic factors associated with sentinel lymph node positivity and effect of sentinel status on survival: an analysis of 1049 patients with cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2010; 20: 330-337
146 Mays MP, Martin RC, Burton A. et al. Should all patients with melanoma between 1 and 2 mm Breslow thickness undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy?. Cancer 2010; 116: 1535-1544
147 Testori A, De Salvo GL, Montesco MC. et al. Clinical considerations on sentinel node biopsy in melanoma from an Italian multicentric study on 1313 patients (SOLISM-IMI). Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 2018-2027
148 Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ. et al. Final trial report of sentinel-node biopsy versus nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 599-609
149 McMasters KM, Wong SL, Edwards MJ. et al. Factors that predict the presence of sentinel lymph node metastasis in patients with melanoma. Surgery 2001; 130: 151-156
150 Stas M, Stroobants S, Dupont P. et al. 18-FDG PET scan in the staging of recurrent melanoma: additional value and therapeutic impact. Melanoma Res 2002; 12: 479-490
151 Dietlein M, Krug B, Groth W. et al. Positron emission tomography using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in advanced stages of malignant melanoma: a comparison of ultrasonographic and radiological methods of diagnosis. Nucl Med Commun 1999; 20: 255-261
152 Kuan AK, Jackson FI, Hanson J. Multimodality detection of metastatic melanoma. J R Soc Med 1988; 81: 579-582
153 Xing Y, Bronstein Y, Ross MI. et al. Contemporary diagnostic imaging modalities for the staging and surveillance of melanoma patients: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103: 129-142
154 Leiter U, Marghoob AA, Lasithiotakis K. et al. Costs of the detection of metastases and follow-up examinations in cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2009; 19: 50-57
155 Voit C, Mayer T, Kron M. et al. Efficacy of ultrasound B-scan compared with physical examination in follow-up of melanoma patients. Cancer 2001; 91: 2409-2416
156 Adamek HE, Albert J, Breer H. et al. Pancreatic cancer detection with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a prospective controlled study. Lancet 2000; 356: 190-193
157 Hanninen EL, Ricke J, Amthauer H. et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: image quality, ductal morphology, and value of additional T2- and T1-weighted sequences for the assessment of suspected pancreatic cancer. Acta Radiol 2005; 46: 117-125
158 Seufferlein T, Porzner M, Becker T. et al. S3-guideline exocrine pancreatic cancer. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 1395-1440
159 Dietrich CF, Sahai A, D'Onofrio M. et al. Differential diagnosis of small solid pancreatic lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84: 933-940
160 Agarwal B, Abu-Hamda E, Molke KL. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and multidetector spiral CT in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 844-850
161 Klapman JB, Chang KJ, Lee JG. et al. Negative predictive value of endoscopic ultrasound in a large series of patients with a clinical suspicion of pancreatic cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2658-2661
162 Varadarajulu S, Wallace MB. Applications of endoscopic ultrasonography in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Control 2004; 11: 15-22
163 Dewitt J, Devereaux BM, Lehman GA. et al. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography for the preoperative evaluation of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 717-725 quiz 664
164 Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E. et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 547-557
165 Pakzad F, Groves AM, Ell PJ. The role of positron emission tomography in the management of pancreatic cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2006; 36: 248-256
166 Bipat S, Phoa SS, van Delden OM. et al. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and determining resectability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2005; 29: 438-445
167 Moehler M, AlBatran SE, Andus T. et al. German S3-guideline "Diagnosis and treatment of esophagogastric cancer". Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 461-531
168 Porschen R, Buck A, Fischbach W. et al. Not Available. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 1288-1347
169 Jenssen C, Dietrich CF, Burmester E. Malignant neoplasias of the gastrointestinal tract--endosonographic staging revisited. Z.Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 357-368
170 Leng XF, Zhu Y, Wang GP. et al. Accuracy of ultrasound for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8: 2146-2157
171 Sun F, Chen T, Han J. et al. Staging accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound for esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Dis Esophagus 2015; 28: 757-771
172 Okanobu H, Hata J, Haruma K. et al. Giant gastric folds: differential diagnosis at US. Radiology 2003; 226: 686-690
173 Will U, Zinsser E, Raabe G. et al. Value of endosonography in diagnosis of diffusely growing stomach carcinomas. Z Gastroenterol 1998; 36: 151-157
174 Gines A, Pellise M, Fernandez-Esparrach G. et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with large gastric folds at endoscopy and biopsies negative for malignancy: predictors of malignant disease and clinical impact. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 64-69
175 Thomas T, Kaye PV, Ragunath K. et al. Endoscopic-ultrasound-guided mural trucut biopsy in the investigation of unexplained thickening of esophagogastric wall. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 335-339
176 Thomas T, Kaye PV, Ragunath K. et al. Efficacy, safety, and predictive factors for a positive yield of EUS-guided Trucut biopsy: a large tertiary referral center experience. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 584-591
177 Aithal GP, Anagnostopoulos GK, Kaye P. EUS-guided Trucut mural biopsies in the investigation of unexplained thickening of the esophagogastric wall. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 624-629
178 Kinkel K, Lu Y, Both M. et al. Detection of hepatic metastases from cancers of the gastrointestinal tract by using noninvasive imaging methods (US, CT, MR imaging, PET): a meta-analysis. Radiology 2002; 224: 748-756
179 Bhatia KS, Griffith JF, Ahuja AT. Stomach cancer: prevalence and significance of neck nodal metastases on sonography. Eur Radiol 2009; 19: 1968-1972
180 Schreurs LM, Verhoef CC, van der Jagt EJ. et al. Current relevance of cervical ultrasonography in staging cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67: 105-111
181 Van Overhagen H, Lameris JS, Berger MY. et al. Improved assessment of supraclavicular and abdominal metastases in oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction carcinoma with the combination of ultrasound and computed tomography. Br J Radiol 1993; 66: 203-208
182 van Vliet EP, van der Lugt A, Kuipers EJ. et al. Ultrasound, computed tomography, or the combination for the detection of supraclavicular lymph nodes in patients with esophageal or gastric cardia cancer: a comparative study. J Surg Oncol 2007; 96: 200-206
183 Gorg C, Bert T, Klassen E. et al. Contrast enhanced sonographic patterns of hepatic candidiasis. Z Gastroenterol 2010; 48: 678-682
184 Maio G. Medicine and the holistic understanding of the human being: ultrasound examination as dialog. Ultraschall in Med 2014; 35: 98-107
185 Dietrich CF, Kann PH. Endoscopic Ultrasound Imaging of the Adrenals. In: Dietrich CF. ed. Endoscopic ultrasound, an introductory manual and atlas. Thieme Verlag; 2006: 264-272