Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-118348
High Dose of A Conjugated Linoleic Acid Mixture Increases Insulin Resistance in Rats Fed Either A Low Fat or A High Fat Diet
Publication History
received 21 April 2017
first decision 13 July 2017
accepted 14 August 2017
Publication Date:
31 January 2018 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/eced/201806/lookinside/thumbnails/04-2017-0159-dia_10-1055-s-0043-118348-1.jpg)
Abstract
Obesity and related diseases are becoming more prevalent. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) might be a useful coadjutant treatment helping to decrease fat mass. However, the precise impact of CLA is unclear because the decreased body fat mass is followed by an increase in insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate some of the consequences of a high dose of CLA in rats fed a normal low fat or a high fat diet for 30 days. Male Wistar rats were separated into 4 groups (each n = 10): Control group receiving 7% fat (soybean oil); CLA group receiving 4% soybean oil and 3% CLA mixture; animal fat (AF) group, receiving 45% fat (lard); and animal fat plus CLA (AF+CLA) group, receiving 42% lard and 3% CLA mixture. The CLA mixture contained 39.32 mole% c9,t11-CLA and 40.50 mole% t10,c12-CLA. After 30 days, both CLA groups (CLA and AF+CLA groups) developed insulin resistance, with an increase in glucose in the fasting state and in an insulin tolerance test. The CLA group had increased liver weight and percentage of saturated fatty acids in liver and adipose tissue. Feeding the high fat diet resulted in increased hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation and this was exacerbated by dietary CLA. It is concluded that a high dose of CLA mixture increases insulin resistance and exacerbates hepatic steatosis when combined with a high fat diet.
-
References
- 1 Kelly T, Yang W, Chen CS. et al. Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. International journal of obesity 2008; 32: 1431-1437
- 2 Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet 2005; 366: 1197-1209
- 3 Buettner R, Scholmerich J, Bollheimer LC. High-fat diets: Modeling the metabolic disorders of human obesity in rodents. Obesity 2007; 15: 798-808
- 4 Pariza MW. Perspective on the safety and effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2004; 79: 1132S-1136S
- 5 Tricon S, Burdge GC, Williams CM. et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid on human health-related outcomes. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2005; 64: 171-182
- 6 Halade GV, Rahman MM, Fernandes G. Differential effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in insulin-resistant female C57Bl/6J mice. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2010; 21: 332-337
- 7 Evans M, Geigerman C, Cook J. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses triglyceride accumulation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids 2000; 35: 899-910
- 8 Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W. et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids 1997; 32: 853-858
- 9 West DB, Delany JP, Camet PM. et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. The American journal of physiology 1998; 275: R667-R672
- 10 DeLany JP, Blohm F, Truett AA. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid rapidly reduces body fat content in mice without affecting energy intake. The American journal of physiology 1999; 276: R1172-R1179
- 11 Clement L, Poirier H, Niot I. et al. Dietary trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse. Journal of lipid research 2002; 43: 1400-1409
- 12 Whigham LD, Watras AC, Schoeller DA. Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: A meta-analysis in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2007; 85: 1203-1211
- 13 Onakpoya IJ, Posadzki PP, Watson LK. et al. The efficacy of long-term conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body composition in overweight and obese individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. European journal of nutrition 2012; 51: 127-134
- 14 Schoeller DA, Watras AC, Whigham LD. A meta-analysis of the effects of conjugated linoleic acid on fat-free mass in humans. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism=Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme 2009; 34: 975-978
- 15 Riserus U, Arner P, Brismar K. et al. Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes care 2002; 25: 1516-1521
- 16 Benjamin S, Prakasan P, Sreedharan S. et al. Pros and cons of CLA consumption: An insight from clinical evidences. Nutrition & metabolism 2015; 12: 4
- 17 Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey Jr GC. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. The Journal of nutrition 1993; 123: 1939-1951
- 18 Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian journal of biochemistry and physiology 1959; 37: 911-917
- 19 Mihara M, Uchiyama M. Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test. Analytical biochemistry 1978; 86: 271-278
- 20 Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Analytical biochemistry 1968; 25: 192-205
- 21 Arnaud J, Fortis I, Blachier S. et al. Simultaneous determination of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in serum by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of chromatography 1991; 572: 103-116
- 22 Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M. et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1313-1321
- 23 Parra P, Palou A, Serra F. Moderate doses of conjugated linoleic acid reduce fat gain, maintain insulin sensitivity without impairing inflammatory adipose tissue status in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutrition & metabolism 2010; 7: 5
- 24 de Almeida MM, de Souza YO, Dutra Luquetti SC. et al. Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA mixture does not change body composition, induces insulin resistance and increases serum HDL cholesterol level in rats. Journal of oleo science 2015; 64: 539-551
- 25 Malinska H, Huttl M, Oliyarnyk O. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces visceral and ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in chronic severe hypertriacylglycerolemia. Nutrition 2015; 31: 1045-1051
- 26 Azain MJ, Hausman DB, Sisk MB. et al. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces rat adipose tissue cell size rather than cell number. The Journal of nutrition 2000; 130: 1548-1554
- 27 Kennedy A, Chung S, LaPoint K. et al. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid antagonizes ligand-dependent PPARgamma activity in primary cultures of human adipocytes. The Journal of nutrition 2008; 138: 455-461
- 28 Poirier H, Shapiro JS, Kim RJ. et al. Nutritional supplementation with trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid induces inflammation of white adipose tissue. Diabetes 2006; 55: 1634-1641
- 29 Kolb H, Mandrup-Poulsen T. An immune origin of type 2 diabetes?. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 1038-1050
- 30 Moya-Camarena SY, Belury MA. Species differences in the metabolism and regulation of gene expression by conjugated linoleic acid. Nutrition reviews 1999; 57: 336-340
- 31 Hamilton M, Hopkins LE, AlZahal O. et al. Feeding butter with elevated content of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid to obese-prone rats impairs glucose and insulin tolerance. Lipids in health and disease 2015; 14: 119
- 32 Stefanson A, Hopkins LE, AlZahal O. et al. Feeding butter with elevated content of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid to lean rats does not impair glucose tolerance or muscle insulin response. Lipids in health and disease 2014; 13: 101
- 33 Choi JS, Koh IU, Jung MH. et al. Effects of three different conjugated linoleic acid preparations on insulin signalling, fat oxidation and mitochondrial function in rats fed a high-fat diet. The British journal of nutrition 2007; 98: 264-275
- 34 Moloney F, Toomey S, Noone E. et al. Antidiabetic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid may be mediated via anti-inflammatory effects in white adipose tissue. Diabetes 2007; 56: 574-582
- 35 Choi Y, Kim YC, Han YB. et al. The trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid downregulates stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The Journal of nutrition 2000; 130: 1920-1924
- 36 Ntambi JM. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase by polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Journal of lipid research 1999; 40: 1549-1558
- 37 Miyazaki M, Kim YC, Gray-Keller MP. et al. The biosynthesis of hepatic cholesterol esters and triglycerides is impaired in mice with a disruption of the gene for stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1. The Journal of biological chemistry 2000; 275: 30132-30138
- 38 Stangl GI. High dietary levels of a conjugated linoleic acid mixture alter hepatic glycerophospholipid class profile and cholesterol-carrying serum lipoproteins of rats. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2000; 11: 184-191
- 39 Christie WW, Dobson G, Gunstone FD. Isomers in commercial samples of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 1997; 32: 1231