Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-118908
Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Guideline of the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/080, October 2016)
Article in several languages: English | deutschPublication History
received 19 August 2017
revised 19 August 2017
accepted 25 August 2017
Publication Date:
27 November 2017 (online)
Abstract
Aims The aim of this official guideline published and coordinated by the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG) was to provide consensus-based recommendations obtained by evaluating the relevant literature for the diagnostic treatment and management of women with fetal growth restriction.
Methods This S2k guideline represents the structured consensus of a representative panel of experts with a range of different professional backgrounds commissioned by the Guideline Committee of the DGGG.
Recommendations Recommendations for diagnostic treatment, management, counselling, prophylaxis and screening are presented.
-
10 References/Literatur
- 1 Unterscheider J, Daly S, Geary MP. et al. Definition and management of fetal growth restriction: a survey of contemporary attitudes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 174: 41-45
- 2 Alberry M, Soothill P. Management of fetal growth restriction. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 92: F62-F67
- 3 Lees C, Marlow N, Arabin B. et al. Perinatal morbidity and mortality in early-onset fetal growth restriction: cohort outcomes of the trial of randomized umbilical and fetal flow in Europe (TRUFFLE). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 42: 400-408
- 4 Unterscheider J, Daly S, Geary MP. et al. Optimizing the definition of intrauterine growth restriction: the multicenter prospective PORTO Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208: 290.e1-290.e6
- 5 Albu AR, Anca AF, Horhoianu VV. et al. Predictive factors for intrauterine growth restriction. J Med Life 2014; 7: 165-171
- 6 Parker SE, Werler MM. Epidemiology of ischemic placental disease: a focus on preterm gestations. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 133-138
- 7 Berlit S, Nickol J, Weiss C. et al. Zervixdilatation und Kürettage während eines primären Kaiserschnitts – eine retrospektive Analyse. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2013; DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1361316.
- 8 Jaddoe VW, Bakker R, Hofman A. et al. Moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight and preterm birth. The generation R study. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17: 834-840
- 9 Ananth CV, Peltier MR, Chavez MR. et al. Recurrence of ischemic placental disease. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 128-133
- 10 Gouin K, Murphy K, Shah PS. et al. Effects of cocaine use during pregnancy on low birthweight and preterm birth: systematic review and metaanalyses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 340.e1-340.e12
- 11 Kramer MS, Platt R, Yang H. et al. Are all growth-restricted newborns created equal(ly)?. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 599-602
- 12 Maulik D. Fetal growth restriction: the etiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 49: 228-235
- 13 Odibo AO, Nelson D, Stamilio DM. et al. Advanced maternal age is an independent risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Perinatol 2006; 23: 325-328
- 14 Gardosi J, Francis A. Adverse pregnancy outcome and association with small for gestational age birthweight by customized and population-based percentiles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201: 28.e1-28.e8
- 15 Kleijer ME, Dekker GA, Heard AR. Risk factors for intrauterine growth restriction in a socio-economically disadvantaged region. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 18: 23-30
- 16 Blumenshine P, Egerter S, Barclay CJ. et al. Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2010; 39: 263-272
- 17 Shah PS. Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of LBW/PT births. Parity and low birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010; 89: 862-875
- 18 Allen VM, Joseph K, Murphy KE. et al. The effect of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy on small for gestational age and stillbirth: a population based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2004; 4: 17
- 19 Fink JC, Schwartz SM, Benedetti TJ. et al. Increased risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes among women with renal disease. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1998; 12: 277-287
- 20 Howarth C, Gazis A, James D. Associations of Type 1 diabetes mellitus, maternal vascular disease and complications of pregnancy. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 1229-1234
- 21 Drenthen W, Pieper PG, Roos-Hesselink JW. et al. Outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: a literature review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 2303-2311
- 22 Yasuda M, Takakuwa K, Tokunaga A. et al. Prospective studies of the association between anticardiolipin antibody and outcome of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86: 555-559
- 23 Costa SL, Proctor L, Dodd JM. et al. Screening for placental insufficiency in high-risk pregnancies: is earlier better?. Placenta 2008; 29: 1034-1040
- 24 Laurini R, Laurin J, Marsal K. Placental histology and fetal blood flow in intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994; 73: 529-534
- 25 Salafia CM, Minior VK, Pezzullo JC. et al. Intrauterine growth restriction in infants of less than thirty-two weeksʼ gestation: associated placental pathologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecology 1995; 173: 1049-1057
- 26 Eydoux P, Choiset A, Le Porrier N. et al. Chromosomal prenatal diagnosis: study of 936 cases of intrauterine abnormalities after ultrasound assessment. Prenat Diagn 1989; 9: 255-269
- 27 Khoury MJ, Erickson JD, Cordero JF. et al. Congenital malformations and intrauterine growth retardation: a population study. Pediatrics 1988; 82: 83-90
- 28 Powers WF, Kiely JL. The risks confronting twins: a national perspective. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 456-461
- 29 Chauhan SP, Beydoun H, Chang E. et al. Prenatal detection of fetal growth restriction in newborns classified as small for gestational age: correlates and risk of neonatal morbidity. Am J Perinatol 2014; 31: 187-194
- 30 Gardosi J, Madurasinghe V, Williams M. et al. Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: population based study. BMJ 2013; 346: f108
- 31 Goetzinger KR, Tuuli MG, Odibo AO. et al. Screening for fetal growth disorders by clinical exam in the era of obesity. J Perinatol 2013; 33: 352-357
- 32 Mongelli M, Wilcox M, Gardosi J. Estimating the date of confinement: ultrasonographic biometry versus certain menstrual dates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 278-281
- 33 Whitworth M, Bricker L, Mullan C. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (07) CD007058
- 34 Wisser J, Dirschedl P, Krone S. Estimation of gestational age by transvaginal sonographic measurement of greatest embryonic length in dated human embryos. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1994; 4: 457-462
- 35 [Anonym] Committee opinion no 611: method for estimating due date. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124: 863-866
- 36 [Anonym] Standards zur Ultraschalluntersuchung in der Frühschwangerschaft. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (S1-Level, AWMF-Register Nr. 015/032, August 2010). Online: http://www.dggg.de/leitlinienstellungnahmen/archivierte-leitlinien/federfuehrende-leitlinien-der-dggg/?eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=2068 last access: 20.07.2016
- 37 Gardosi J, Chang A, Kalyan B. et al. Customised antenatal growth charts. Lancet 1992; 339: 283-287
- 38 Unterscheider J, Geary MP, Daly S. et al. The customized fetal growth potential: a standard for Ireland. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 166: 14-17
- 39 Figueras F, Figueras J, Meler E. et al. Customised birthweight standards accurately predict perinatal morbidity. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 92: F277-F280
- 40 Groom KM, Poppe KK, North RA. et al. Small-for-gestational-age infants classified by customized or population birthweight centiles: impact of gestational age at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 239.e1-239.e5
- 41 Chauhan SP, Magann EF, Dohrety DA. et al. Prediction of small for gestational age newborns using ultrasound estimated and actual amniotic fluid volume: published data revisited. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 48: 160-164
- 42 Owen P, Khan KS, Howie P. Single and serial estimates of amniotic fluid volume and umbilical artery resistance in the prediction of intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999; 13: 415-419
- 43 Patterson RM, Prihoda TJ, Pouliot MR. Sonographic amniotic fluid measurement and fetal growth retardation: a reappraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 1406-1410
- 44 Niknafs P, Sibbald J. Accuracy of single ultrasound parameters in detection of fetal growth restriction. Am J Perinatol 2001; 18: 325-334
- 45 Snijders RJ, Sherrod C, Gosden CM. et al. Fetal growth retardation: associated malformations and chromosomal abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 547-555
- 46 Wallenstein MB, Harper LM, Odibo AO. et al. Fetal congenital heart disease and intrauterine growth restriction: a retrospective cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25: 662-665
- 47 Raynor BD, Richards D. Growth retardation in fetuses with gastroschisis. J Ultrasound Med 1997; 16: 13-16
- 48 Kehl S, Schmidt U, Spaich S. et al. Where are the limits of accuracy for fetal weight estimation with two-dimensional parameters?. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011; 38: 151
- 49 Evertson LR, Gauthier RJ, Schifrin BS. et al. Antepartum fetal heart rate testing. I. Evolution of the nonstress test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 133: 29-33
- 50 Bahado-Singh RO, Lynch L, Deren O. et al. First-trimester growth restriction and fetal aneuploidy: the effect of type of aneuploidy and gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 976-980
- 51 Anandakumar C, Chew S, Wong YC. et al. Early asymmetric IUGR and aneuploidy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1996; 22: 365-370
- 52 Wilkins-Haug L, Roberts DJ, Morton CC. Confined placental mosaicism and intrauterine growth retardation: a case-control analysis of placentas at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 44-50
- 53 Hendrix N, Berghella V. Non-placental causes of intrauterine growth restriction. Semin Perinatol 2008; 32: 161-165
- 54 Grivell RM, Wong L, Bhatia V. Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (06) CD007113
- 55 Mongelli M, Ek S, Tambyrajia R. Screening for fetal growth restriction: a mathematical model of the effect of time interval and ultrasound error. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92: 908-912
- 56 Nabhan AF, Abdelmoula YA. Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (03) CD006593 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006593.pub2.
- 57 Nabhan AF, Abdelmoula YA. Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 104: 184-188
- 58 Kehl S, Schelkle A, Thomas A. et al. Single deepest vertical pocket or amniotic fluid index as evaluation test for predicting adverse pregnancy outcome (SAFE trial): a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016; 47: 674-679
- 59 Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Gyte GM. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (11) CD007529
- 60 Berkley E, Chauhan SP, Abuhamad A. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee. Doppler assessment of the fetus with intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206: 300-308
- 61 OʼDwyer V, Burke G, Unterscheider J. et al. Defining the residual risk of adverse perinatal outcome in growth-restricted fetuses with normal umbilical artery blood flow. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211: 420.e1-420.e5
- 62 Baschat AA. Fetal growth restriction – from observation to intervention. J Perinat Med 2010; 38: 239-246
- 63 Nicolaides KH, Bilardo CM, Soothill PW. et al. Absence of end diastolic frequencies in umbilical artery – a sign of fetal hypoxia and acidosis. Brit Med J 1988; 297: 1026-1027
- 64 Kingdom JC, Burrell SJ, Kaufmann P. Pathology and clinical implications of abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 9: 271-286
- 65 Brodszki J, Morsing E, Malcus P. et al. Early intervention in management of very preterm growth-restricted fetuses: 2-year outcome of infants delivered on fetal indication before 30 gestational weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009; 34: 288-296
- 66 Hartung J, Kalache KD, Heyna C. et al. Outcome of 60 neonates who had ARED flow prenatally compared with a matched control group of appropriate-for-gestational age preterm neonates. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 566-572
- 67 Vasconcelos RP, Brazil Frota Aragao JR, Costa Carvalho FH. et al. Differences in neonatal outcome in fetuses with absent versus reverse end-diastolic flow in umbilical artery Doppler. Fetal Diagn Ther 2010; 28: 160-166
- 68 Nienhuis SJ, Vles JS, Gerver WJ. et al. Doppler ultrasonography in suspected intrauterine growth retardation: a randomized clinical trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 9: 6-13
- 69 McCowan LM, Harding JE, Roberts AB. et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of two regimens of fetal surveillance for small-for-gestational-age fetuses with normal results of umbilical artery doppler velocimetry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 81-86
- 70 Dubiel M, Gudmundsson S, Gunnarsson G. et al. Middle cerebral artery velocimetry as a predictor of hypoxemia in fetuses with increased resistance to blood flow in the umbilical artery. Early Hum Dev 1997; 47: 177-184
- 71 Morris RK, Say R, Robson SC. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of middle cerebral artery Doppler to predict perinatal wellbeing. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 165: 141-155
- 72 Baschat AA, Cosmi E, Bilardo CM. et al. Predictors of neonatal outcome in early-onset placental dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 253-261
- 73 Severi FM, Bocchi C, Visentin A. et al. Uterine and fetal cerebral Doppler predict the outcome of third-trimester small-for-gestational age fetuses with normal umbilical artery Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 225-228
- 74 Hershkovitz R, Kingdom JC, Geary M. et al. Fetal cerebral blood flow redistribution in late gestation: identification of compromise in small fetuses with normal umbilical artery Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 209-212
- 75 Cruz-Martinez R, Figueras F, Hernandez-Andrade E. et al. Fetal brain Doppler to predict cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal status in term small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 618-626
- 76 Rizzo G, Capponi A, Arduini D. et al. The value of fetal arterial, cardiac and venous flows in predicting pH and blood gases measured in umbilical blood at cordocentesis in growth retarded fetuses. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 102: 963-969
- 77 Morales-Rosello J, Khalil A. Fetal cerebral redistribution: a marker of compromise regardless of fetal size. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 385-388
- 78 Flood K, Unterscheider J, Daly S. et al. The role of brain sparing in the prediction of adverse outcomes in intrauterine growth restriction: results of the multicenter PORTO Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211: 288.e1-288.e5
- 79 Khalil AA, Morales-Rosello J, Elsaddig M. et al. The association between fetal Doppler and admission to neonatal unit at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213: 57.e1-57.e7
- 80 Khalil AA, Morales-Rosello J, Morlando M. et al. Is fetal cerebroplacental ratio an independent predictor of intrapartum fetal compromise and neonatal unit admission?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213: 54.e1-54.e10
- 81 Baschat AA, Gembruch U, Weiner CP. et al. Qualitative venous Doppler waveform analysis improves prediction of critical perinatal outcomes in premature growth-restricted fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 22: 240-245
- 82 Turan OM, Turan S, Berg C. et al. Duration of persistent abnormal ductus venosus flow and its impact on perinatal outcome in fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011; 38: 295-302
- 83 Yagel S, Kivilevitch Z, Cohen SM. et al. The fetal venous system, Part II: ultrasound evaluation of the fetus with congenital venous system malformation or developing circulatory compromise. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010; 36: 93-111
- 84 Turan S, Turan OM, Berg C. et al. Computerized fetal heart rate analysis, Doppler ultrasound and biophysical profile score in the prediction of acid-base status of growth-restricted fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 30: 750-756
- 85 Baschat AA, Guclu S, Kush ML. et al. Venous Doppler in the prediction of acid-base status of growth-restricted fetuses with elevated placental blood flow resistance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 277-284
- 86 Soothill PW, Ajayi RA, Campbell S. et al. Prediction of morbidity in small and normally grown fetuses by fetal heart rate variability, biophysical profile score and umbilical artery Doppler studies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 742-745
- 87 Almstrom H, Axelsson O, Cnattingius S. et al. Comparison of umbilical-artery velocimetry and cardiotocography for surveillance of small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Lancet 1992; 340: 936-940
- 88 German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG); Maternal Fetal Medicine Study Group (AGMFM); German Society of Prenatal Medicine and Obstetrics (DGPGM), German Society of Perinatal Medicine (DGPM). S1-Guideline on the use of CTG during pregnancy and labor. Long version – AWMF Registry No. 015/036. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2014; 74: 721-732
- 89 Street P, Dawes GS, Moulden M. et al. Short-term variation in abnormal antenatal fetal heart rate records. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 515-523
- 90 Dawes GS, Moulden M, Redman CW. Short-term fetal heart rate variation, decelerations, and umbilical flow velocity waveforms before labor. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 673-678
- 91 Anceschi MM, Ruozi-Berretta A, Piazze JJ. et al. Computerized cardiotocography in the management of intrauterine growth restriction associated with Doppler velocimetry alterations. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 86: 365-370
- 92 Dawes G, Meir YJ, Mandruzzato GP. Computerized evaluation of fetal heart-rate patterns. J Perinat Med 1994; 22: 491-499
- 93 Piazze JJ, Anceschi MM, Ruozzi Berretta A. et al. The combination of computerized cardiotocography and amniotic fluid index for the prediction of neonatal acidemia at birth: a modified biophysical profile. J Matern Fetal Med 2001; 10: 323-327
- 94 Serra V, Moulden M, Bellver J. et al. The value of the short-term fetal heart rate variation for timing the delivery of growth-retarded fetuses. BJOG 2008; 115: 1101-1107
- 95 Guzman ER, Vintzileos AM, Martins M. et al. The efficacy of individual computer heart rate indices in detecting acidemia at birth in growth-restricted fetuses. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87: 969-974
- 96 Nijhuis IJ, ten Hof J, Mulder EJ. et al. Fetal heart rate in relation to its variation in normal and growth retarded fetuses. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000; 89: 27-33
- 97 Ribbert LS, Snijders RJ, Nicolaides KH. et al. Relation of fetal blood gases and data from computer-assisted analysis of fetal heart rate patterns in small for gestation fetuses. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 820-823
- 98 Serra V, Bellver J, Moulden M. et al. Computerized analysis of normal fetal heart rate pattern throughout gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009; 34: 74-79
- 99 Visser GH, Sadovsky G, Nicolaides KH. Antepartum heart rate patterns in small-for-gestational-age third-trimester fetuses: correlations with blood gas values obtained at cordocentesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 698-703
- 100 Lees CC, Marlow N, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis A. et al. 2 year neurodevelopmental and intermediate perinatal outcomes in infants with very preterm fetal growth restriction (TRUFFLE): a randomised trial. Lancet 2015; 385: 2162-2172
- 101 Baschat AA, Galan HL, Bhide A. et al. Doppler and biophysical assessment in growth restricted fetuses: distribution of test results. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 41-47
- 102 Kaur S, Picconi JL, Chadha R. et al. Biophysical profile in the treatment of intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses who weigh < 1000 g. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199: 264.e1-264.e4
- 103 Lalor JG, Fawole B, Alfirevic Z. et al. Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (01) CD000038 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000038.pub2.
- 104 Roberts D, Dalziel S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (03) CD004454 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub2.
- 105 Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P. et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (01) CD004661 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub3.
- 106 Marret S, Marpeau L, Zupan-Simunek V. et al. Magnesium sulphate given before very-preterm birth to protect infant brain: the randomised controlled PREMAG trial*. BJOG 2007; 114: 310-318
- 107 Rouse DJ, Hirtz DG, Thom E. et al. A randomized, controlled trial of magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 895-905
- 108 Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Doyle LW. et al. Effect of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotection before preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2669-2676
- 109 Mittendorf R, Dambrosia J, Pryde PG. et al. Association between the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 1111-1118
- 110 Vayssiere C, Sentilhes L, Ego A. et al. Fetal growth restriction and intra-uterine growth restriction: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 193: 10-18
- 111 Kehl S, Brade J, Schmidt U. et al. Role of fetal abdominal circumference as a prognostic parameter of perinatal complications. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 1345-1349
- 112 Hornemann A, Bohlmann MK, Diedrich K. et al. Spontaneous uterine rupture at the 21st week of gestation caused by placenta percreta. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 875-878
- 113 Aronow HD, Peyser PA, Eagle KA. et al. Predictors of length of stay after coronary stenting. Am Heart J 2001; 142: 799-805
- 114 Aronsson A, Bygdeman M, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Effects of misoprostol on uterine contractility following different routes of administration. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 81-84
- 115 [Anonym] Committee Opinion No. 652 Summary: magnesium sulfate use in obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127: 195
- 116 Liu J, Wang XF, Wang Y. et al. The incidence rate, high-risk factors, and short- and long-term adverse outcomes of fetal growth restriction: a report from Mainland China. Medicine 2014; 93: e210
- 117 Doctor BA, OʼRiordan MA, Kirchner HL. et al. Perinatal correlates and neonatal outcomes of small for gestational age infants born at term gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 652-659
- 118 Baschat AA. Doppler application in the delivery timing of the preterm growth-restricted fetus: another step in the right direction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23: 111-118
- 119 Group GS. A randomised trial of timed delivery for the compromised preterm fetus: short term outcomes and Bayesian interpretation. BJOG 2003; 110: 27-32
- 120 Thornton JG, Hornbuckle J, Vail A. et al. Infant wellbeing at 2 years of age in the Growth Restriction Intervention Trial (GRIT): multicentred randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 513-520
- 121 Ferrazzi E, Bozzo M, Rigano S. et al. Temporal sequence of abnormal Doppler changes in the peripheral and central circulatory systems of the severely growth-restricted fetus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 140-146
- 122 Wilkinson AR, Ahluwalia J, Cole A. et al. Management of babies born extremely preterm at less than 26 weeks of gestation: a framework for clinical practice at the time of birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2009; 94: F2-F5
- 123 Unterscheider J, Daly S, Geary MP. et al. Predictable progressive Doppler deterioration in IUGR: does it really exist?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209: 539.e1-539.e7
- 124 Boers KE, Vijgen SM, Bijlenga D. et al. Induction versus expectant monitoring for intrauterine growth restriction at term: randomised equivalence trial (DIGITAT). BMJ 2010; 341: c7087
- 125 van Wyk L, Boers KE, van der Post JA. et al. Effects on (neuro)developmental and behavioral outcome at 2 years of age of induced labor compared with expectant management in intrauterine growth-restricted infants: long-term outcomes of the DIGITAT trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206: 406.e1-406.e7
- 126 Boers KE, van Wyk L, van der Post JA. et al. Neonatal morbidity after induction vs expectant monitoring in intrauterine growth restriction at term: a subanalysis of the DIGITAT RCT. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206: 344.e1-344.e7
- 127 Karsdorp VH, van Vugt JM, van Geijn HP. et al. Clinical significance of absent or reversed end diastolic velocity waveforms in umbilical artery. Lancet 1994; 344: 1664-1668
- 128 Forouzan I. Absence of end-diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1995; 50: 219-227
- 129 Baschat AA, Weiner CP. Umbilical artery doppler screening for detection of the small fetus in need of antepartum surveillance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 154-158
- 130 Li H, Gudmundsson S, Olofsson P. Prospect for vaginal delivery of growth restricted fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery blood flow. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 828-833
- 131 Lin CC, Moawad AH, Rosenow PJ. et al. Acid-base characteristics of fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation during labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 137: 553-559
- 132 Resnik R. Intrauterine growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99: 490-496
- 133 Hornbuckle J, Vail A, Abrams KR. et al. Bayesian interpretation of trials: the example of intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring. BJOG 2000; 107: 3-10
- 134 Gulmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (02) CD000034 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000034.
- 135 Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah AN. et al. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (06) CD001059
- 136 Say L, Gulmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (01) CD000148 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000148.
- 137 Figueras F, Meler E, Eixarch E. et al. Association of smoking during pregnancy and fetal growth restriction: subgroups of higher susceptibility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 138: 171-175
- 138 Meher S, Duley L. Progesterone for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (04) CD006175 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006175.
- 139 Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (01) CD000137 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000137.
- 140 Nozaki AM, Francisco RP, Fonseca ES. et al. Fetal hemodynamic changes following maternal betamethasone administration in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction and absent end-diastolic flow in the umbilical artery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009; 88: 350-354
- 141 Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Plasma volume expansion for suspected impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (02) CD000167 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000167.
- 142 Newnham JP, Godfrey M, Walters BJ. et al. Low dose aspirin for the treatment of fetal growth restriction: a randomized controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 35: 370-374
- 143 von Dadelszen P, Dwinnell S, Magee LA. et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for severe early-onset intrauterine growth restriction. BJOG 2011; 118: 624-628
- 144 Lausman A, Kingdom J. Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee. Intrauterine growth restriction: screening, diagnosis, and management. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013; 35: 741-757
- 145 Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (02) CD002252
- 146 Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; (04) CD000036 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000036.
- 147 Schleussner E, Lehmann T, Kahler C. et al. Impact of the nitric oxide-donor pentaerythrityl-tetranitrate on perinatal outcome in risk pregnancies: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. J Perinat Med 2014; 42: 507-514
- 148 Härtel C, Herting E. Nachsorge von Frühgeborenen. Pädiatrische Praxis 2010; 75: 3-20
- 149 Bujold E, Roberge S, Lacasse Y. et al. Prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 402-414
- 150 Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, OʼConnor E. et al. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160: 695-703
- 151 Roberge S, Nicolaides KH, Demers S. et al. Prevention of perinatal death and adverse perinatal outcome using low-dose aspirin: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 491-499
- 152 Magee LA, Duley L. Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (03) CD002863 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002863.
- 153 Khoury J, Henriksen T, Christophersen B. et al. Effect of a cholesterol-lowering diet on maternal, cord, and neonatal lipids, and pregnancy outcome: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193: 1292-1301
- 154 Ota E, Tobe-Gai R, Mori R. et al. Antenatal dietary advice and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (09) CD000032
- 155 Pena-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN. et al. Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (07) CD004736
- 156 Ota E, Mori R, Middleton P. et al. Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (02) CD000230
- 157 Makrides M, Crosby DD, Bain E. et al. Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (04) CD000937
- 158 De-Regil LM, Palacios C, Lombardo LK. et al. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (01) CD008873
- 159 Dodd JM, McLeod A, Windrim RC. et al. Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (07) CD006780
- 160 Duffett L, Rodger M. LMWH to prevent placenta-mediated pregnancy complications: an update. Br J Haematol 2015; 168: 619-638
- 161 Rodger MA, Carrier M, Le Gal G. et al. Meta-analysis of low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent recurrent placenta-mediated pregnancy complications. Blood 2014; 123: 822-828
- 162 Lumley J, Chamberlain C, Dowswell T. et al. Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (03) CD001055 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub3.
- 163 McCowan LM, Dekker GA, Chan E. et al. Spontaneous preterm birth and small for gestational age infants in women who stop smoking early in pregnancy: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2009; 338: b1081
- 164 Lindqvist PG, Molin J. Does antenatal identification of small-for-gestational age fetuses significantly improve their outcome?. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 258-264
- 165 Marsal K. Obstetric management of intrauterine growth restriction. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23: 857-870
- 166 Gaudineau A. [Prevalence, risk factors, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality of intrauterine growth restriction and small-for-gestational age]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2013; 42: 895-910
- 167 Cnossen JS, Morris RK, ter Riet G. et al. Use of uterine artery Doppler ultrasonography to predict pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review and bivariable meta-analysis. CMAJ 2008; 178: 701-711
- 168 Stampalija T, Gyte GM, Alfirevic Z. Utero-placental Doppler ultrasound for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (09) CD008363 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008363.pub2.