Redox Changes in Amateur Race Car Drivers Before and After Racing

Abstract

Despite the unique opportunity race car driving provides to study exercise in extreme conditions, the sport of racing is under-represented. A better understanding of how racing changes physiological measures combined with driver demographics may help reduce driver risks and expand the field of driver science. This study charted the changes in heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, static oxidation reduction potential (sORP), and antioxidant capacity in drivers before and after racing (n=23). The interaction between racing and driver characteristics on physiological variables were evaluated. Heart rate, body temperature, and sORP were elevated after racing (P<0.05). Age, cockpit temperature, experience, and speed did not correlate with physiological or oxidative measures (P>0.05). Elevated post-race sORP values were associated with higher pre-race systolic blood pressure and lower antioxidant capacity (P<0.05). We conclude that racing alters the redox response in drivers and that drivers’ pre-race systolic blood pressure and antioxidant capacity can further alter it. A better understanding of the physical and oxidative changes which result from racing may help minimize the unique risks

Key words

car racing - hypertension - heart rate - antioxidant capacity

• References

• 1 Barbas I, Fatouros IG, Douroudos II, Chatzinikolaou A, Michailidis Y, Draganidis D, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Parotsidis C, Theodorou AA, Katrabasas I, Margonis K, Papassotiriou I, Taxildaris K. Physiological and performance adaptations of elite Greco-Roman wrestlers during a one-day tournament. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 1421-1436
• 2 Bielli A, Scioli MG, Mazzaglia D, Doldo E, Orlandi A. Antioxidants and vascular health. Life Sci 2015; 143: 209-216
• 3 Bigarella CL, Liang R, Ghaffari S. Stem cells and the impact of ROS signaling. Development 2014; 141: 4206-4218
• 4 Bjugstad KB, Fanale C, Wagner J, Jensen J, Salottolo K, Rael LT, Bar-Or D. A 24 h delay in the redox response distinguishes the most severe stroke patients from less severe stroke patients. J Neurol Neurophysiol 2016; 7: 10
• 5 Bjugstad KB, Rael LT, Levy S, Carrick M, Mains CW, Slone DS, Bar-Or D. Oxidation-reduction potential as a biomarker for severity and acute outcome in traumatic brain injury. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016: 6974257
• 6 Block G, Mangels AR, Norkus EP, Patterson BH, Levander OA, Taylor PR. Ascorbic acid status and subsequent diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Hypertension 2001; 37: 261-267
• 7 Bobe G, Cobb TJ, Leonard SW, Aponso S, Bahro CB, Koley D, Mah E, Bruno RS, Traber MG. Increased static and decreased capacity oxidation-reduction potentials in plasma are predictive of metabolic syndrome. Redox Biol 2017; 12: 121-128
• 8 Carlson LA, Ferguson DP, Kenefick RW. Physiological strain of stock car drivers during competitive racing. J Therm Biol 2014; 44: 20-26
• 9 Cobley JN, McHardy H, Morton JP, Nikolaidis MG, Close GL. Influence of vitamin C and vitamin E on redox signaling: Implications for exercise adaptations. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84: 65-76
• 10 Davignon J. Beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins. Circulation 2004; 109: III39-III43
• 11 Derosa G, Mugellini A, Pesce RM, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P. Olmesartan combined with amlodipine on oxidative stress parameters in Type 2 Diabetics, compared with single therapies: A randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e3084
• 12 Fatouros IG, Chatzinikolaou A, Douroudos II, Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Margonis K, Michailidis Y, Vantarakis A, Taxildaris K, Katrabasas I, Mandalidis D, Kouretas D, Jamurtas AZ. Time-course of changes in OS and antioxidant status responses following a soccer game. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 3278-3286
• 13 Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Villiotou V, Pouliopoulou S, Fotinakis P, Taxildaris K, Deliconstantinos G. OS responses in older men during endurance training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 2065-2072
• 14 Goon JA, Aini AH, Musalmah M, Anum MY, Nazaimoon WM, Ngah WZ. Effect of Tai Chi exercise on DNA damage, antioxidant enzymes, and OS in middle-age adults. J Phys Act Health 2009; 6: 43-54
• 15 Gray SP, Jandeleit-Dahm KA. The role of NADPH oxidase in vascular disease - hypertension, atherosclerosis & stroke. Curr Pharm Des 2015 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26510435
• 16 Guimaraes DA, Rizzi E, Ceron CS, Martins-Oliveira A, Gerlach RF, Shiva S, Tanus-Santos JE. Atorvastatin and sildenafil decrease vascular TGF-beta levels and MMP-2 activity and ameliorate arterial remodeling in a model of renovascular hypertension. Redox Biol 2015; 6: 386-395
• 17 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2016 update. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 1121-1124
• 18 Hirayama A, Okamoto T, Kimura S, Nagano Y, Matsui H, Tomita T, Oowada S, Aoyagi K. Kangen-karyu raises surface body temperature through OS modification. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 58: 167-173
• 19 Jiang T, Sun Q, Chen S. OS: A major pathogenesis and potential therapeutic target of antioxidative agents in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 147: 1-19
• 20 Kandola K, Bowman A, Birch-Machin MA. OS–a key emerging impact factor in health, ageing, lifestyle and aesthetics. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37 (Suppl. 02) 1-8
• 21 Kim JY, Kawabori M, Yenari MA. Innate inflammatory responses in stroke: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21: 2076-2097
• 22 Lacy F, Kailasam MT, O'Connor DT, Schmid-Schonbein GW, Parmer RJ. Plasma hydrogen peroxide production in human essential hypertension: Role of heredity, gender, and ethnicity. Hypertension 2000; 36: 878-884
• 23 Lacy F, O'Connor DT, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Plasma hydrogen peroxide production in hypertensives and normotensive subjects at genetic risk of hypertension. Journal of hypertension 1998; 16: 291-303
• 24 Lemes IR, Ferreira PH, Linares SN, Machado AF, Pastre CM, Netto JJ. Resistance training reduces systolic blood pressure in metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2016;
• 25 Margaritelis NV, Veskoukis AS, Paschalis V, Vrabas IS, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Blood reflects tissue oxidative stress: A systematic review. Biomarkers 2015; 20: 97-108
• 26 McAnulty SR, McAnulty L, Pascoe DD, Gropper SS, Keith RE, Morrow JD, Gladden LB. Hyperthermia increases exercise-induced OS. Int J Sports Med 2005; 26: 188-192
• 27 Miyazaki H, Oh-ishi S, Ookawara T, Kizaki T, Toshinai K, Ha S, Haga S, Ji LL, Ohno H. Strenuous endurance training in humans reduces OS following exhausting exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001; 84: 1-6
• 28 Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Spanou C, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Vrabas IS. Redox biology of exercise: An integrative and comparative consideration of some overlooked issues. J Exp Biol 2012; 215: 1615-1625
• 29 OHara K, Inoue Y, Sumi Y, Morikawa M, Masuda S, Okamoto K, Tanaka H. Oxidative stress and heart rate variability in patients with vertigo. Acute Medicine & Surgery 2015; 2: 163-168
• 30 Peters PG, Alessio HM, Hagerman AE, Ashton T, Nagy S, Wiley RL. Short-term isometric exercise reduces systolic blood pressure in hypertensive adults: possible role of reactive oxygen species. Int J Cardiol 2006; 110: 199-205
• 31 Raastad T, Owe SG, Paulsen G, Enns D, Overgaard K, Crameri R, Kiil S, Belcastro A, Bergersen L, Hallen J. Changes in calpain activity, muscle structure, and function after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 86-95
• 32 Rael LT, Bar-Or R, Kelly MT, Carrick MM, Bar-Or D. Assessment of OS in patients with an isolated traumatic brain injury using disposable electrochemical test strips. Electroanalysis 2015; 27: 2567-2573
• 33 Rael LT, Bar-Or R, Mains CW, Slone DS, Levy AS, Bar-Or D. Plasma oxidation-reduction potential and protein oxidation in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26: 1203-1211
• 34 Rodrigo R, Gonzalez J, Paoletto F. The role of OS in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 431-440
• 35 Sakelliou A, Fatouros IG, Athanailidis I, Tsoukas D, Chatzinikolaou A, Draganidis D, Jamurtas AZ, Liacos C, Papassotiriou I, Mandalidis D, Stamatelopoulos K, Dimopoulos MA, Mitrakou A. Evidence of a redox-dependent regulation of immune responses to exercise-induced inflammation. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016: 2840643
• 36 Sakurai T, Ogasawara J, Shirato K, Izawa T, Oh-Ishi S, Ishibashi Y, Radak Z, Ohno H, Kizaki T. Exercise training attenuates the dysregulated expression of adipokines and OS in white adipose tissue. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 2017: 9410954
• 37 Shapiro HM. Redox balance in the body: An approach to quantitation. Journal of Surgical Research 1972; 13: 138-152
• 38 Shirley R, Ord EN, Work LM. Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3: 472-501
• 39 Souza-Silva AA, Moreira E, de Melo-Marins D, Scholer CM, de Bittencourt Jr PI, Laitano O. High intensity interval training in the heat enhances exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, but prevents protein oxidation in physically active men. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3: 167-175
• 40 Spanidis Y, Goutzourelas N, Stagos D, Mpesios A, Priftis A, Bar-Or D, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM, Leon G, Kouretas D. Variations in OS markers in elite basketball players at the beginning and end of a season. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11: 147-153
• 41 Spanidis Y, Mpesios A, Stagos D, Goutzourelas N, Bar-Or D, Karapetsa M, Zakynthinos E, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM, Leon G, Kouretas D. Assessment of the redox status in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes reveals great variations. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11: 895-903
• 42 Staessen J, Fagard R, Amery A. The relationship between body weight and blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1988; 2: 207-217
• 43 Stagos D, Goutzourelas N, Bar-Or D, Ntontou AM, Bella E, Becker AT, Statiri A, Kafantaris I, Kouretas D. Application of a new oxidation-reduction potential assessment method in strenuous exercise-induced OS. Redox Rep 2015; 20: 154-162
• 44 Taggart P, Gibbons D, Somerville W. Some effects of motor-car driving on the normal and abnormal heart. Br Med J 1969; 4: 130-134
• 45 Tostes RC, Carneiro FS, Carvalho MH, Reckelhoff JF. Reactive oxygen species: Players in the cardiovascular effects of testosterone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310: R1-14
• 46 Touyz RM, Briones AM. Reactive oxygen species and vascular biology: implications in human hypertension. Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 5-14
• 47 Walker SM, Dawson B, Ackland TR. Performance enhancement in rally car drivers via heat acclimation and race simulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 128: 701-707
• 48 Watkins ES. The physiology and pathology of formula one Grand Prix motor racing. Clin Neurosurg 2006; 53: 145-152
• 49 Yanagida R, Takahashi K, Miura M, Nomura M, Ogawa Y, Aoki K, Iwasaki KI. Speed ratio but cabin temperature positively correlated with increased heart rates among professional drivers during car races. Environ Health Prev Med 2016;
• 50 Zalavras A, Fatouros IG, Deli CK, Draganidis D, Theodorou AA, Soulas D, Koutsioras Y, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. Age-related responses in circulating markers of redox status in healthy adolescents and adults during the course of a training macrocycle. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2015; 2015: 283921
• 51 Zhi L, Hu X, Han C. Biphasic changes (overreduction and overoxidation) of plasma redox status and clinical implications in early stage of severe burns. J Crit Care 2014; 29: 1063-1068