Download PDF
Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin 2018; 28(03): 184-189
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-124439
Original Article
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Comparison of Core Muscles Endurance in Sited Occupied Staff and Non-sited Occupied Staff of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Vergleich der Kraftausdauer der Rumpfmuskulatur bei Mitarbeitern mit sitzender und nicht-sitzender Tätigkeit an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Shiraz
Fatemeh Jabarifard
1   Master of Physical therapy, physical therapy department, school of rehabilitation science, rehabilitation science research center, Shiraz university of medical science, Shiraz, Iran
,
Farahnaz Ghafarinejad
2   PhD of physical therapy, instructor, physical therapy department, school of rehabilitation science, rehabilitation science research center, Shiraz university of medical science, Shiraz, Iran
,
Soraya Pirouzi
3   PhD of physical therapy, professor assistant, physical therapy department, school of rehabilitation science, rehabilitation science research center, Shiraz university of medical science, Shiraz, Iran
,
Mahbobeh Samani
4   PhD candidate of physical therapy, physical therapy department, school of rehabilitation science, Shiraz University of medical science, Shiraz, Iran
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 10 June 2017

accepted 24 November 2017

Publication Date:
26 March 2018 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective Core muscle dysfunction might serve as a risk factor for future musculoskeletal dysfunctions considering the high percentages of adults employed in mainly sedentary occupations in Iran, there is a need to clarify the strength of evidence on the potentially deleterious impact of prolonged sitting at work on the biomechanics of core/trunk muscles. This study aims to evaluate trunk/core muscle endurance in employees of seated and non-seated jobs in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

Method A total number of 100 employees of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) were studied in 2 groups, seated jobs (n=50) and non-seated jobs (n=50). Seated jobs (office employees) defined as the jobs’ nature requiring the employees to sit more than half of their work time in a day, whereas non-seated jobs were those requiring less than half a workday to sit. Trunk endurance time measured by the 4 different stabilization tests including McGill’s trunk flexor endurance test, Sorenson’s trunk extensor endurance test and right and left trunk lateral flexor endurance test (Side-Bridge test).

Results Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 21 (SPSS, Chicago, IL) Independent t test was used individuals in non-seated group had a statistically significant higher trunk endurance time for all 4 static tests (all P-values<0.001).

Conclusion Prolonged occupational sitting is associated with reduced core muscle endurance. It may cause relationship between weakened core/trunk muscles and development of specific occupational musculoskeletal dysfunctions such as low back pain.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel Eine Dysfunktion der Rumpfmuskulatur kann ein Risikofaktor für zukünftige muskuloskelettale Dysfunktionen sein und angesichts des hohen Prozentsatzes Erwachsener im Iran, die eine vorwiegend sitzende Tätigkeit ausüben, sollte die Beweiskraft der potenziell schädlichen Wirkung von langem Sitzen bei der Arbeit auf die Biomechanismen der Rumpfmuskulatur untersucht werden. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Evaluierung der Kraftausdauer der Rumpfmuskulatur bei Mitarbeitern mit sitzender und nicht-sitzender Tätigkeit an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Shiraz.

Methoden Insgesamt nahmen 100 Mitarbeiter der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Shiraz (SUMS Shiraz University of Medical Sciences) an der Studie teil und wurden in 2 Gruppen aufgeteilt, eine mit sitzender Tätigkeit (n=50) und eine mit nicht-sitzender Tätigkeit (n=50). Eine sitzende Tätigkeit (Büromitarbeiter) wurde definiert als eine Tätigkeit, bei der die Person mehr als die Hälfte der Zeit im Sitzen arbeitet, während bei der nicht-sitzenden Tätigkeit weniger als die Hälfte der Zeit im Sitzen verbracht wird. Die Kraftausdauer der Rumpfmuskulatur wurde mit 4 verschiedenen Stabilitätstests gemessen, darunter der Trunk Flexor Endurance Test nach McGill – Erfassung der Kraftausdauer der Rumpfflexoren, der Sörensen-Test zur Bestimmung des Kraftausdauer der Rumpfextensoren und dem rechts- und linksseitigen Seit-Stütz-Test zum Testen der seitlichen Flexorenmuskulatur (Side-Bridge Test).

Ergebnisse Die statistische Analyse erfolgte mithilfe der SPSS Software, Version 21 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). Ein unabhängiger t Test wurde angewandt; die Probanden in der Gruppe der nicht-sitzenden Tätigkeit zeigten eine statistisch signifikant längere Kraftausdauer des Rumpfes bei allen 4 statischen Tests (all P-Werte<0,001).

Schlussfolgerung Eine vorwiegend sitzende Tätigkeit steht in Verbindung mit verminderter Kraftausdauer der Rumpfmuskulatur. Dies kann zur Schwächung der Rumpfmuskulatur führen, was wiederum das Entstehen von spezifischen berufsbedingten muskuloskelettalen Dysfunktionen wie Schmerzen der Lendenwirbelsäule begünstigen kann.

Key words

Core/Trunk Muscle Endurance - Trunk Flexor Endurance test - Seated/Non-seated Occupations - McGill test - Trunk extensor Endurance Test

Schlüsselwörter

Kraftausdauer der Rumpfmuskulatur - Kraftausdauertest der Rumpfflexoren - sitzende/nicht-sitzende Tätigkeiten - McGill-Test - Kraftausdauertest der Rumpfextensoren
 

  • References

  • 1 Wilmot EG, Edwardson CL, Achana FA, Davies MJ, Gorely T, Gray LJ. et al. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 2895-2905
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Chau JY, Grunseit AC, Chey T, Stamatakis E, Brown WJ, Matthews CE. et al. Daily sitting time and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PloS one 2013; 8: e80000
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Thorp AA, Healy GN, Owen N, Salmon J, Ball K, Shaw JE. et al. Deleterious associations of sitting time and television viewing time with cardiometabolic risk biomarkers: Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study 2004–2005. Diabetes care 2010; 33: 327-334
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Craig CL, Bouchard C. Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2009; 41: 998-1005
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Mork PJ, Westgaard RH. Back posture and low back muscle activity in female computer workers: a field study. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2009; 24: 169-175
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 OʼSullivan PB. Lumbar segmental ‛instability’: clinical presentation and specific stabilizing exercise management. Manual therapy 2000; 5: 2-12
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Snijders CJ, Hermans PF, Kleinrensink GJ. Functional aspects of cross-legged sitting with special attention to piriformis muscles and sacroiliac joints. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2006; 21: 116-121
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Sapsford RR, Richardson CA, Maher CF, Hodges PW. Pelvic floor muscle activity in different sitting postures in continent and incontinent women. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2008; 89: 1741-1747
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Crisco 3rd JJ, Panjabi MM. The intersegmental and multisegmental muscles of the lumbar spine. A biomechanical model comparing lateral stabilizing potential. Spine 1991; 16: 793-799
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Kibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ) 2006; 36: 189-198
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Behm DG, Leonard AM, Young WB, Bonsey WA, MacKinnon SN. Trunk muscle electromyographic activity with unstable and unilateral exercises. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association 2005; 19: 193-201
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Alaranta H, Luoto S, Heliovaara M, Hurri H. Static back endurance and the risk of low-back pain. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 1995; 10: 323-324
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 McGill S, Grenier S, Bluhm M, Preuss R, Brown S, Russell C. Previous history of LBP with work loss is related to lingering deficits in biomechanical, physiological, personal, psychosocial and motor control characteristics. Ergonomics 2003; 46: 731-746
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Healy GN, Matthews CE, Dunstan DW, Winkler EA, Owen N. Sedentary time and cardio-metabolic biomarkers in US adults: NHANES 2003-06. European heart journal 2011; 32: 590-597
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Ki M, Pouliou T, Li L, Power C. Physical (in)activity over 20 y in adulthood: associations with adult lipid levels in the 1958 British birth cohort. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219: 361-367
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Jans MP, Proper KI, Hildebrandt VH. Sedentary behavior in Dutch workers: differences between occupations and business sectors. American journal of preventive medicine 2007; 33: 450-454
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Brown WJ, Miller YD, Miller R. Sitting time and work patterns as indicators of overweight and obesity in Australian adults. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders: journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2003; 27: 1340-1346
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Forouzanfar MH, Sepanlou SG, Shahraz S, Dicker D, Naghavi P, Pourmalek F. et al. Evaluating causes of death and morbidity in Iran, global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2010. Archives of Iranian medicine 2014; 17: 304-320
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Jakes RW, Day NE, Khaw KT, Luben R, Oakes S, Welch A. et al. Television viewing and low participation in vigorous recreation are independently associated with obesity and markers of cardiovascular disease risk: EPIC-Norfolk population-based study. European journal of clinical nutrition 2003; 57: 1089-1096
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Kwon BK, Roffey DM, Bishop PB, Dagenais S, Wai EK. Systematic review: occupational physical activity and low back pain. Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 2011; 61: 541-548
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Roffey DM, Wai EK, Bishop P, Kwon BK, Dagenais S. Causal assessment of occupational sitting and low back pain: results of a systematic review. The spine journal: official journal of the North American Spine Society 2010; 10: 252-261
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Chan RH. Endurance times of trunk muscles in male intercollegiate rowers in Hong Kong. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2005; 86: 2009-2012
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 McGill S. Low back disorders: evidence-based prevention and rehabilitation: Human Kinetics. 2007
    PubMed
  • 24 Nesser TW, Huxel KC, Tincher JL, Okada T. The relationship between core stability and performance in division I football players. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association 2008; 22: 1750-1754
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Tse MA, McManus AM, Masters RS. Development and validation of a core endurance intervention program: implications for performance in college-age rowers. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association 2005; 19: 547-552
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 O’Sullivan PB, Mitchell T, Bulich P, Waller R, Holte J. The relationship beween posture and back muscle endurance in industrial workers with flexion-related low back pain. Manual therapy 2006; 11: 264-271
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 O'Sullivan PB, Grahamslaw KM, Kendell M, Lapenskie SC, Moller NE, Richards KV. The effect of different standing and sitting postures on trunk muscle activity in a pain-free population. Spine 2002; 27: 1238-1244
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Solomonow M, Baratta RV, Banks A, Freudenberger C, Zhou BH. Flexion-relaxation response to static lumbar flexion in males and females. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2003; 18: 273-279
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 OʼSullivan P, Dankaerts W, Burnett A, Chen D, Booth R, Carlsen C. et al. Evaluation of the flexion relaxation phenomenon of the trunk muscles in sitting. Spine 2006; 31: 2009-2016
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Chinapaw MJ, Proper KI, Brug J, van Mechelen W, Singh AS. Relationship between young peoples' sedentary behaviour and biomedical health indicators: a systematic review of prospective studies. Obesity reviews: an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2011; 12: e621-e632
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 van Uffelen JG, Wong J, Chau JY, van der Ploeg HP, Riphagen I, Gilson ND. et al. Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review. American journal of preventive medicine 2010; 39: 379-388
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Dunstan DW, Howard B, Healy GN, Owen N. Too much sitting – a health hazard. Diabetes research and clinical practice 2012; 97: 368-376
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Holmstrom E, Moritz U, Andersson M. Trunk muscle strength and back muscle endurance in construction workers with and without low back disorders. Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine 1992; 24: 3-10
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Mannion AF, Dolan P. Electromyographic median frequency changes during isometric contraction of the back extensors to fatigue. Spine 1994; 19: 1223-1229
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Hultman G, Nordin M, Saraste H, Ohlsen H. Body composition, endurance, strength, cross-sectional area, and density of MM erector spinae in men with and without low back pain. Journal of spinal disorders 1993; 6: 114-123
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Reiman MP, Krier AD, Nelson JA, Rogers MA, Stuke ZO, Smith BS. Comparison of different trunk endurance testing methods in college-aged individuals. International journal of sports physical therapy 2012; 7: 533-539
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Barati A, Safarcherati A, Aghayari A, Azizi F, Abbasi H. Evaluation of Relationship between Trunk Muscle Endurance and Static Balance in Male Students. Asian journal of sports medicine 2013; 4: 289-294
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Demoulin C, Vanderthommen M, Duysens C, Crielaard JM. Spinal muscle evaluation using the Sorensen test: a critical appraisal of the literature. Joint, bone, spine: revue du rhumatisme 2006; 73: 43-50
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Adedoyin RA, Mbada CE, Farotimi AO, Johnson OE, Emechete AA. Endurance of low back musculature: normative data for adults. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation 2011; 24: 101-109
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Dejanovic A, Cambridge ED, McGill S. Isometric torso muscle endurance profiles in adolescents aged 15–18: normative values for age and gender differences. Annals of human biology 2014; 41: 153-158
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Straker L, Levine J, Campbell A. The effects of walking and cycling computer workstations on keyboard and mouse performance. Human factors 2009; 51: 831-844
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Grunseit A, Chau J, Van der Ploeg H, Bauman A. “Thinking on your feet”: A qualitative evaluation of an installation of sit-stand desks in a medium-sized workplace. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2012; 15: S195-S196
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 MacEwen BT, MacDonald DJ, Burr JF. A systematic review of standing and treadmill desks in the workplace. Preventive medicine 2015; 70: 50-58
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Evans K, Refshauge KM, Adams R. Trunk muscle endurance tests: reliability, and gender differences in athletes. Journal of science and medicine in sport / Sports Medicine Australia 2007; 10: 447-455
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Kankaanpaa M, Laaksonen D, Taimela S, Kokko SM, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. Age, sex, and body mass index as determinants of back and hip extensor fatigue in the isometric Sorensen back endurance test. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 1998; 79: 1069-1075
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar