Synlett 2024; 35(10): 1165-1169
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1763622
cluster
Thieme Chemistry Journals Awardees 2023

Practical Fischer Indolization Using Bench-Stable Arylhydrazine Sulfonate as the Surrogate of Arylhydrazine

Wenjuan Li
a   School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai, 264005, P. R. of China
b   Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. of China
,
Chaoren Shen
b   Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. of China
,
Yanping Zhu
a   School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Shandong, Yantai, 264005, P. R. of China
,
Kaiwu Dong
b   Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. of China
› Author Affiliations
We are grateful for the financial support provided by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (22271094) and the Shanghai Rising-Star Program (21QA1402800) and the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No. 2023ZKZD37).


Abstract

Fischer indolization using bench-stable sodium arylhydrazine sulfonate as a surrogate of arylhydrazine was developed. The preparation of arylhydrazine sulfonate was also modified by replacing sodium sulfite reductant with Pd-catalyzed hydrogen transfer. The straightforward synthesis of tetrahydrocarbazoles from the corresponding anilines was successfully conducted in a one-pot manner. A practical application of this method was demonstrated in the formal synthesis of pharmaceutical molecules Rizatriptan and Zolmitriptan.

Supporting Information



Publication History

Received: 12 September 2023

Accepted after revision: 30 October 2023

Article published online:
30 November 2023

© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
  • References and Notes

  • 3 Vaidya S, Mohod A, Eedara AC, Andugulapati SB, Pabbaraja S. ChemMedChem 2023; e202300097
  • 4 Morris AJ, Armstrong MD. J. Org. Chem. 1957; 22: 306
  • 6 Wilde MI, Markham A. Drugs 1996; 52: 773
  • 7 Colombo GL, Caruggi M, Di Matteo S, Rossi A. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2008; 4: 1283
  • 8 Lee SK, Xing J, Catlett IM, Adamczyk R, Griffies A, Liu A, Murthy B, Nowak M. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2017; 73: 689
  • 10 Kam TS, Choo YM. Helv. Chim. Acta 2004; 87: 366
  • 11 Motegi M, Nugroho AE, Hirasawa Y, Arai T, Hadi AH. A, Morita H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2012; 53: 1227
  • 12 Karwehl S, Jansen R, Huch V, Stadler M. J. Nat. Prod. 2016; 79: 369
  • 13 Chen J, Chen JJ, Yao X, Gao K. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011; 9: 5334
  • 14 Jinglei L, Ji L, Daisy ZN, Siyun S, Quingzhi G, Yngei D, Kang Z. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013; 11: 1929
  • 15 Siddalingamurthy E, Mahadevan KM, Masagalli JN, Harishkumar HN. Tetrahedron Lett. 2013; 54: 5591
  • 16 Matthieu D, Krzysztof W, Marc S, Luke RO. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011; 52: 4417
  • 18 Schirmann J.-P, Bourdauducq P. Hydrazine . In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. 18. Wiley-VCH Verlag; Weinheim: 2011: 79-96
  • 19 Zhao S, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Xi S, Zou B, Bao G, Wang L, Wang J, Zeng T, Gong P, Zhai X. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016; 120: 37
  • 20 Jacob N, Guillemard L, Wencel-Delord J. Synthesis 2020; 52: 574
  • 21 Lim Y.-K, Cho C.-G. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004; 45: 1857
  • 22 Park I.-K, Suh S.-E, Lim B.-Y, Cho C.-G. Org. Lett. 2009; 11: 5454
  • 23 Gore S, Baskaran S, König B. Org. Lett. 2012; 14: 4568
  • 25 Wagaw S, Yang BH, Buchwald SL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998; 120: 6621
  • 26 General Procedure: Ketone (1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added dropwise into a solution of sodium arylhydrazine sulfonate (1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in AcOH (5 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 70 °C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with water. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 50 mL), and the combined organic layer was washed with water and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the obtained crude product was purified by silica-gel column chromatography using petroleum ether/EtOAc as eluent.
  • 27 Selected analytical data for new compounds: 6-Butyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole (3c): Purified using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (100:1, v/v) as eluent. Yield: 0.168 g (74%); yellow solid. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.57 (s, 1 H), 7.25–7.24 (m, 1 H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.4, 1 H), 6.95 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.74–2.67 (m, 6 H), 1.97–1.84 (m, 4 H), 1.70–1.61 (m, 2 H), 1.38–1.34 (m, 2 H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 134.2, 134.0, 133.6, 128.0, 122.0, 117.0, 109.9, 109.8, 35.9, 34.6, 23.33, 23.30, 23.2, 22.4, 20.9, 14.0. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd. for C16H21N: 228.1752; found: 228.1754. 6-Phenoxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole (3d): Purified using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (95:5, v/v) as eluent. Yield: 0.179 g (68%); white solid. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.72 (s, 1 H), 7.33–7.27 (m, 3 H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.05–7.00 (m, 1 H), 6.99–6.96 (m, 2 H), 6.89 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 2.77–2.74 (m, 2 H), 2.67–2.65 (m, 2 H), 1.99–1.85 (m, 4 H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 159.7, 149.4, 135.7, 132.6, 129.4, 128.6, 121.6, 117.0, 114.6, 111.1, 110.4, 109.0, 23.3, 23.2, 23.1, 20.9. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd. for C18H17NO: 264.1388; found: 264.1391. 7-Butoxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole (3h): Purified using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (95:5, v/v) as eluent. Yield: 0.163 g (67%); orange solid. 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.54 (s, 1 H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.93 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.77 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.01 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.73–2.65 (m, 4 H), 1.95–1.83 (m, 4 H), 1.84–1.74 (m, 2 H), 1.56–1.47 (m, 2 H), 0.98 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 153.3, 135.0, 130.7, 128.2, 111.2, 110.8, 110.1, 101.6, 68.7, 31.6, 23.4, 23.3, 23.2, 21.0, 19.3, 13.9. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd. for C16H21NO: 243.1623; found: 243.1626.