Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764240
Fertility and Pregnancy: How Do These Affect Family Planning and Surgeon Health?
Abstract
There are unique considerations to fertility and pregnancy for women surgeons. Women surgeons often decide to delay pregnancy and childbearing due to concerns of conflict with work and training. This is particularly true for surgical trainees who face many obstacles, including bias from peers and program directors, and work–life conflict. As such, rates of infertility are higher compared with the general population. Women surgeons require assisted reproductive technologies more often than the general population. During pregnancy, there are also additional occupational hazards that are unique to a surgical career. Overall, we must be aware of these issues to support surgeons who decide to become parents during a surgical career.
Publication History
Article published online:
08 March 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
References
- 1 Livingston G. For most highly educated women, motherhood doesn't start until the 30s. January 15, 2015. Accessed on August 1, 2022 at: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/15/for-most-highly-educated-women-motherhood-doesnt-start-until-the-30s/
- 2 Todd AR, Cawthorn TR, Temple-Oberle C. Pregnancy and parenthood remain challenging during surgical residency: a systematic review. Acad Med 2020; 95 (10) 1607-1615
- 3 Cusimano MC, Baxter NN, Sutradhar R. et al. Delay of pregnancy among physicians vs nonphysicians. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181 (07) 905-912
- 4 Scully RE, Stagg AR, Melnitchouk N, Davids JS. Pregnancy outcomes in female physicians in procedural versus non-procedural specialties. Am J Surg 2017; 214 (04) 599-603
- 5 Atkinson RB, Castillo-Angeles M, Kim ES. et al. The long road to parenthood: assisted reproduction, surrogacy, and adoption among US surgeons. Ann Surg 2022; 275 (01) 106-114
- 6 Rangel EL, Castillo-Angeles M, Easter SR. et al. Incidence of infertility and pregnancy complications in US female surgeons. JAMA Surg 2021; 156 (10) 905-915
- 7 Lerner LB, Stolzmann KL, Gulla VD. Birth trends and pregnancy complications among women urologists. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208 (02) 293-297
- 8 Craig BM, Donovan KA, Fraenkel L, Watson V, Hawley S, Quinn GP. A generation of childless women: lessons from the United States. Womens Health Issues 2014; 24 (01) e21-e27
- 9 Finch SJ. Pregnancy during residency: a literature review. Acad Med 2003; 78 (04) 418-428
- 10 Scott VCS, Lerner LB, Eilber KS, Anger JT, Ackerman AL. Re-evaluation of birth trends and pregnancy complications among female urologists: have we made any progress?. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39 (05) 1355-1362
- 11 Phillips EA, Nimeh T, Braga J, Lerner LB. Does a surgical career affect a woman's childbearing and fertility? A report on pregnancy and fertility trends among female surgeons. J Am Coll Surg 2014; 219 (05) 944-950
- 12 Cai C, Vandermeer B, Khurana R. et al. The impact of occupational shift work and working hours during pregnancy on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 221 (06) 563-576
- 13 Hamilton AR, Tyson MD, Braga JA, Lerner LB. Childbearing and pregnancy characteristics of female orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94 (11) e77
- 14 Anderson M, Goldman RH. Occupational reproductive hazards for female surgeons in the operating room: a review. JAMA Surg 2020; 155 (03) 243-249
- 15 Cohen-Rosenblum AR, Varady NH, Leonovicz O, Chen AF. Repetitive musculoskeletal injuries: a survey of female adult reconstruction surgeons. J Arthroplasty 2022; 37 (08) 1474-1477.e6
- 16 McCollough CH, Schueler BA, Atwell TD. et al. Radiation exposure and pregnancy: when should we be concerned?. Radiographics 2007; 27 (04) 909-917 , discussion 917–918
- 17 Chandra V, Dorsey C, Reed AB, Shaw P, Banghart D, Zhou W. Monitoring of fetal radiation exposure during pregnancy. J Vasc Surg 2013; 58 (03) 710-714
- 18 Zaidi HA, Montoure A, Nakaji P, Bice A, Tumialán LM. A 5-year retrospective analysis of exposure to ionizing radiation by neurosurgery residents in the modern era. World Neurosurg 2016; 86: 220-225
- 19 Saha S, Jacklin R, Siddika A, Clayton G, Dua S, Smith S. et al. Safety of radioactive sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer and the pregnant surgeon - a review. Int J Surg 2016; 36 (Pt A): 298-304
- 20 Dauer LT, Miller DL, Schueler B. et al. Society of Interventional Radiology Safety and Health Committee; Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe Standards of Practice Committee. Occupational radiation protection of pregnant or potentially pregnant workers in IR: a joint guideline of the Society of Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015; 26 (02) 171-181
- 21 King KC, Strony R. Needlestick [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2002
- 22 American College of Surgeons. . Reviews state on sharps safety. Accessed September 22, 2022 at: https://www.facs.org/about-acs/statements/international-safety-center-releases-consensus-sharps-safety/
- 23 Berguer R, Heller PJ. Preventing sharps injuries in the operating room. J Am Coll Surg 2004; 199 (03) 462-467
- 24 Prasad MR, Honegger JR. Hepatitis C virus in pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 2013; 30 (02) 149-159
- 25 Schillie S, Murphy TV, Sawyer M. et al. CDC guidance for evaluating health-care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management. MMWR Recomm Rep 2013; 62 (RR-10): 1-19
- 26 Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA. et al; US Public Health Service Working Group. Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013; 34 (09) 875-892
- 27 Karjalainen M, Kontunen A, Saari S. et al. The characterization of surgical smoke from various tissues and its implications for occupational safety. PLoS One 2018; 13 (04) e0195274
- 28 Limchantra IV, Fong Y, Melstrom KA. Surgical smoke exposure in operating room personnel: a review. JAMA Surg 2019; 154 (10) 960-967
- 29 Boivin JF. Risk of spontaneous abortion in women occupationally exposed to anaesthetic gases: a meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54 (08) 541-548
- 30 Oliveira LA, P El Dib R, Figueiredo DBS, Braz LG, Braz MG. Spontaneous abortion in women occupationally exposed to inhalational anesthetics: a critical systematic review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28 (09) 10436-10449
- 31 Rangel EL, Smink DS, Castillo-Angeles M. et al. Pregnancy and motherhood during surgical training. JAMA Surg 2018; 153 (07) 644-652
- 32 Chen MM, Yeo HL, Roman SA, Bell Jr RH, Sosa JA. Life events during surgical residency have different effects on women and men over time. Surgery 2013; 154 (02) 162-170
- 33 Sandler BJ, Tackett JJ, Longo WE, Yoo PS. Pregnancy and parenthood among surgery residents: results of the first nationwide survey of general surgery residency program directors. J Am Coll Surg 2016; 222 (06) 1090-1096
- 34 Brown EG, Galante JM, Keller BA, Braxton J, Farmer DL. Pregnancy-related attrition in general surgery. JAMA Surg 2014; 149 (09) 893-897
- 35 Shifflette V, Hambright S, Amos JD, Dunn E, Allo M. The pregnant female surgical resident. Adv Med Educ Pract 2018; 9 (09) 365-369
- 36 Garza RM, Weston JS, Furnas HJ. Pregnancy and the plastic surgery resident. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139 (01) 245-252