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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2024; 85(05): 457-463
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771277
Original Article

The LRG-TGF-β-Alk-1/TGFßRII-Smads as Predictive Biomarkers of Chronic Hydrocephalus after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Dongying Ma   *
1   Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
,
Luyao Ma   *
1   Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
,
Yongqiang Zhao
1   Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
,
Yongli Li
1   Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
,
Wei Ye
1   Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
,
Xianfeng Li
1   Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
› Author Affiliations Funding This study is funded by Data Center of Management Science, National Natural Science Foundation of China (61773134).
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Abstract

Background Chronic hydrocephalus is a common complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); however, the risk factors and the mechanisms underlying its occurrence have yet to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers that could be used to predict chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH and to investigate the relationships.

Methods We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 19 patients with chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH and 44 controls without hydrocephalus after aSAH. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Smad1, Smad4, Smad5, Smad8, activin receptor-like kinase 1 (Alk-1), activin receptor-like kinase 5 (Alk-5), P38, and TGF-β type II receptor (TGFßRII) in CSF samples.

Results In the CSF of patients with chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH, the levels of LRG, TGF-β, Alk-1, Smad5, and TGFßRII were significantly increased (p < 0.05) and the levels of Smad1, Smad4, and Smad8 were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups concerning the levels of P38 and Alk-5 (p > 0.05). The analysis also identified significant correlations between specific biomarkers: LRG and Smad1, LRG and Smad5, TGF-β and Alk-1, and Alk-1 and Smad4 (p < 0.05); the Pearson's correlation coefficients for these relationships were −0.341, 0.257, 0.256, and −0.424, respectively.

Conclusion The levels of LRG, TGF-β, Alk-1, TGFßRII, Smad1/5/8, and Smad4 in the CSF are potentially helpful as predictive biomarkers of chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH. Moreover, the LRG-TGF-β-Alk-1/TGFßRII-Smad1/5/8-Smad4 signaling pathway is highly likely to be involved in the pathogenic process of chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH.

Keywords

chronic hydrocephalus - subarachnoid hemorrhage - cerebrospinal fluid - leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein - transforming growth factor-β

Data Availability

The analyzed data sets generated during the study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.


* These authors contributed equally to this work.




Publication History

Received: 17 December 2022

Accepted: 03 May 2023

Article published online:
21 August 2023

© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

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