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CC BY 4.0 · Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2023; 81(10): 876-882
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772830
Original Article

Differences between hemispheres and in saccade latency regarding volleyball athletes and non-athletes during saccadic eye movements: an analysis using EEG

Diferenças inter-hemisféricas e na latência sacádica entre atletas de voleibol e não atletas durante movimentos oculares sacádicos: uma análise usando EEG
Renan Vicente 
1   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
2   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Juliana Bittencourt 
3   Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Élida Costa 
1   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
2   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Eduardo Nicoliche 
1   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
2   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Mariana Gongora 
2   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Jessé Di Giacomo 
4   Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Victor Hugo Bastos 
5   Universidade Federal do Piauí, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Teresina PI, Brazil.
,
Silmar Teixeira 
5   Universidade Federal do Piauí, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Teresina PI, Brazil.
,
Marco Orsini 
6   Universidade Federal Fluminense, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói RJ, Brazil.
,
Henning Budde 
7   Medical School Hamburg, Faculty of Human Sciences, Hamburg, Germany.
8   Reykjavik University, Department of Sport Science, Reykjavik, Iceland.
,
Mauricio Cagy 
2   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
9   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Engenharia Biomédica, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Bruna Velasques 
1   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
2   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Pedro Ribeiro 
1   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
2   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
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Abstract

Background The saccadic eye movement is responsible for providing focus to a visual object of interest to the retina. In sports like volleyball, identifying relevant targets quickly is essential to a masterful performance. The training improves cortical regions underlying saccadic action, enabling more automated processing in athletes.

Objective We investigated changes in the latency during the saccadic eye movement and the absolute theta power on the frontal and prefrontal cortices during the execution of the saccadic eye movement task in volleyball athletes and non-athletes. We hypothesized that the saccade latency and theta power would be lower due to training and perceptual-cognitive enhancement in volleyball players.

Methods We recruited 30 healthy volunteers: 15 volleyball athletes (11 men and 4 women; mean age: 15.08 ± 1.06 years) and 15 non-athletes (5 men and 10 women; mean age: 18.00 ± 1.46 years). All tasks were performed simultaneously with electroencephalography signal recording.

Results The latency of the saccadic eye movement presented a significant difference between the groups; a shorter time was observed among the athletes, associated with the players' superiority in terms of attention level. During the experiment, the athletes observed a decrease in absolute theta power compared to non-athletes on the electrodes of each frontal and prefrontal area.

Conclusion In the present study, we observed the behavior of reaction time and absolute theta power in athletes and non-athletes during a saccadic movement task. Our findings corroborate the premise of cognitive improvement, mainly due to the reduction of saccadic latency and lower beta power, validating the neural efficiency hypothesis.

Resumo

Antecedentes O movimento ocular sacádico é responsável por dar foco a um objeto visual de interesse para a retina. Em esportes como o vôlei, identificar alvos relevantes o mais rápido possível é essencial para se ter um desempenho magistral. O treinamento melhora as regiões corticais subjacentes à ação sacádica, e permite um processamento mais automatizado em atletas.

Objetivo Investigamos as mudanças na latência durante o movimento ocular sacádico e a potência teta absoluta nos córtices frontal e pré-frontal durante a execução da tarefa de movimento ocular sacádico em atletas e não atletas de voleibol. Nossa hipótese é a de que a latência sacádica e a potência teta seriam menores em atletas devido ao treinamento e ao aprimoramento perceptivo-cognitivo em jogadores de voleibol.

Métodos Ao todo, 30 voluntários saudáveis foram recrutados para este estudo: 15 atletas de voleibol (11 homens e 4 mulheres; idade média: 15,08 ± 1,06 anos) e 15 não atletas (5 homens e 10 mulheres; idade média: 18,00 ± 1,46 anos). Todas as tarefas foram realizadas simultaneamente com o registro do sinal eletroencefalográfico.

Resultados O resultado da latência do movimento ocular sacádico apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo observado menor tempo entre os atletas, associado à superioridade dos jogadores em termos de nível de atenção. Durante o experimento, nos eletrodos de cada área frontal e pré-frontal, observou-se uma diminuição na potência teta absoluta nos atletas em comparação aos não atletas.

Conclusão Neste estudo, observou-se o comportamento do tempo de reação e da potência teta absoluta em atletas e não atletas durante uma tarefa de movimento sacádico. Nossos achados corroboram a premissa de melhora cognitiva, principalmente pela redução da latência sacádica e menor potência beta, o que valida a hipótese de eficiência neural.

Keywords

Saccades - Athletes - Electroencephalography - Reaction Time

Palavras-chave

Movimentos Sacádicos - Atletas - Eletroencefalografia - Tempo de Reação

Authors' Contributions

RV: formal analysis, writing of the original draft, writing – review and editing, data curation, and visualization; JB: conceptualization and investigation; EC, EN, MG, and JDG: investigation and data curation; VHB, ST, MO, and HB: validation; MG: methodology, software, formal analysis, supervision; BV: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, project administration; PR: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing – review and editing, visualization, supervision, and project administration.




Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 28. Oktober 2022

Angenommen: 16. Juni 2023

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
18. Oktober 2023

© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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