Quantification of the Field of View for Standard Lateral Arthroscopy of the Canine Shoulder

Abstract

Objective The aim of this study was to define the extent of the biceps tendon, subscapularis tendon, and cranial border of the medial glenohumeral ligament within the field of view during standard lateral shoulder arthroscopy in the dog. We also examine the effect of joint flexion on the field of view of the biceps tendon.

Study Design This was a cadaveric study using 21 shoulders of large breed dogs. Each shoulder was explored with a 30-degree arthroscope using standard lateral ports. For each supporting structure, the margins within the arthroscopic field of view were marked with ink. In 11 shoulders, the distal margin of the biceps tendon was identified and marked first with the limb at a standing angle and then in flexion. The margins of the cranial border of the medial glenohumeral ligament were marked at the standing angle. In 10 additional shoulders, the margins of the subscapularis tendon were evaluated. Each joint was fully dissected and the portion of each stabilizing structure within the field of view was quantified.

Results Fifty-eight percent of the cranial border of the medial glenohumeral ligament was within the arthroscopic view. At a standing angle, 48% of the intra-articular length of the biceps tendon was within the arthroscopic view, compared to 63% with the limb flexed. Twenty percent of the subscapularis tendon was within the arthroscopic view.

Conclusion A significant portion of the biceps tendon and medial stabilizing structures of the canine shoulder are outside the field of view of arthroscopy through a standard lateral approach. The limitations of the arthroscopic field of view should be appreciated when evaluating the shoulder.

Keywords

arthroscopy - shoulder - biceps - subscapularis - canine

Authors' Contribution

S.H. and S.S. were involved in the study concept and design, data acquisition and analysis, and composition and submission of the manuscript.

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 25. Mai 2023

Angenommen: 01. August 2023

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
12. September 2023

• References

• 1 Bilmont A, Mathon D, Autefage A. Arthroscopic management of osteochondrosis of the glenoid cavity in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54 (05) e54503
• 2 Cogar SM, Cook CR, Curry SL, Grandis A, Cook JL. Prospective evaluation of techniques for differentiating shoulder pathology as a source of forelimb lameness in medium and large breed dogs. Vet Surg 2008; 37 (02) 132-141
• 3 Agnello KA, Puchalski SM, Wisner ER, Schulz KS, Kapatkin AS. Effect of positioning, scan plane, and arthrography on visibility of periarticular canine shoulder soft tissue structures on magnetic resonance images. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008; 49 (06) 529-539
• 4 Sidaway BK, McLaughlin RM, Elder SH, Boyle CR, Silverman EB. Role of the tendons of the biceps brachii and infraspinatus muscles and the medial glenohumeral ligament in the maintenance of passive shoulder joint stability in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65 (09) 1216-1222
• 5 Hulse DA, Beale BS, Schulz KS, Whitney WO. Small Animal Arthroscopy. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003: 23-20
• 6 Wright JM, Heavrin B, Hawkins RJ, Noonan T. Arthroscopic visualization of the subscapularis tendon. Arthroscopy 2001; 17 (07) 677-684
• 7 Schaefer SL, Forrest LJ. Magnetic resonance imaging of the canine shoulder: an anatomic study. Vet Surg 2006; 35 (08) 721-728
• 8 Murphy SE, Ballegeer EA, Forrest LJ, Schaefer SL. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with confirmed shoulder pathology. Vet Surg 2008; 37 (07) 631-638
• 9 Hoelzler MG, Millis DL, Francis DA, Weigel JP. Results of arthroscopic versus open arthrotomy for surgical management of cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs. Vet Surg 2004; 33 (02) 146-153
• 10 Cook JL, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB, Kenter K, Cook CR. Treatment of dogs diagnosed with medial shoulder instability using radiofrequency-induced thermal capsulorrhaphy. Vet Surg 2005; 34 (05) 469-475
• 11 Pettitt RA, Innes JF. Arthroscopic management of a lateral glenohumeral ligament rupture in two dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2008; 21 (03) 302-306
• 12 Franklin SP. Diagnosis of medial shoulder instability. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2019; 32 (06) v-vi
• 13 Carmichael S, Marshall WG. Muscle and tendon disorders. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM. eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult. St. Louis, MO, United States: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017: 1319-1323
• 14 Davidson EB, Griffey SM, Vasseur PB, Shields SL. Histopathological, radiographic, and arthrographic comparison of the biceps tendon in normal dogs and dogs with biceps tenosynovitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2000; 36 (06) 522-530
• 15 Cook JL, Kenter K, Fox DB. Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis: technique and results in six dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2005; 41 (02) 121-127
• 16 Werner BC, Holzgrefe RE, Brockmeier SF. Arthroscopic surgical techniques for the management of proximal biceps injuries. Clin Sports Med 2016; 35 (01) 113-135
• 17 Goring RL, Prince C. Arthroscopic examination of the canine scapulohumeral joint. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1987; 23: 551-555
• 18 Van Ryssen B, van Bree H, Vyt P. Arthroscopy of the shoulder joint in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1993; 29: 101-105
• 19 Franklin SP, Schulz KS. Arthroscopy. In: Johnston SA, Tobias KM. eds. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert. St. Louis, MO, United States: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017: 1334-1336
• 20 Riener S, Lehmann K, Lorinson D, Skalicky M. The cranial instrument port in arthroscopy of the canine shoulder joint. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009; 22 (04) 295-302