Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777111
REM sleep behavior disorder: update on diagnosis and management
Transtorno comportamental do sono REM: atualização no diagnóstico e manejoAbstract
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by a loss of atonia of skeletal muscles during REM sleep, associated with acting out behaviors during dreams. Knowledge of this pathology is important to predict neurodegenerative diseases since there is a strong association of RBD with diseases caused by the deposition of alpha-synuclein in neurons (synucleinopathies), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Proper diagnosis of this condition will enable the use of future neuroprotective strategies before motor and cognitive symptoms. Diagnostic assessment should begin with a detailed clinical history with the patient and bed partner or roommate and the examination of any recorded home videos. Polysomnography (PSG) is necessary to verify the loss of sleep atonia and, when documented, the behaviors during sleep. Technical recommendations for PSG acquisition and analysis are defined in the AASM Manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events, and the PSG report should describe the percentage of REM sleep epochs that meet the criteria for RWA (REM without atonia) to better distinguish patients with and without RBD. Additionally, PSG helps rule out conditions that may mimic RBD, such as obstructive sleep apnea, non-REM sleep parasomnias, nocturnal epileptic seizures, periodic limb movements, and psychiatric disorders. Treatment of RBD involves guidance on protecting the environment and avoiding injuries to the patient and bed partner/roommate. Use of medications are also reviewed in the article. The development of neuroprotective medications will be crucial for future RBD therapy.
Resumo
O transtorno comportamental do sono REM (TCSREM) é caracterizado por uma perda de atonia dos músculos esqueléticos durante o sono REM, associada a comportamentos de atuação durante os sonhos. O conhecimento desse transtorno é importante como preditor de doenças neurodegenerativas, uma vez que existe uma forte associação de TCSREM com doenças causadas pela deposição de alfa-sinucleína nos neurônios, como a doença de Parkinson (DP), atrofia de múltiplos sistemas (MSA) e demência com corpos de Lewy (DLB). O diagnóstico adequado dessa condição permitirá o uso de futuras estratégias neuroprotetoras antes do aparecimento dos sintomas motores e cognitivos. A avaliação diagnóstica deve começar com uma história clínica detalhada com o paciente e acompanhante, além de exame de vídeos. A polissonografia (PSG) é necessária para verificar a perda da atonia do sono e, quando documentados, os comportamentos durante o sono. As recomendações técnicas para aquisição e análise de PSG são definidas no Manual da AASM (Scoring of sleep and associated events) e o relatório de PSG deve descrever a porcentagem de períodos de sono REM que atendem aos critérios para REM sem atonia. Além disso, a PSG ajuda a descartar condições que podem mimetizar o TCSREM, como apneia obstrutiva do sono, parassonias do sono não REM, crises epilépticas noturnas, movimentos periódicos dos membros e transtornos psiquiátricos. O tratamento do TCSREM envolve orientações sobre adaptações do ambiente para evitar lesões ao paciente e ao colega de quarto. Medicamentos utilizados são revistos no artigo, assim como o crucial desenvolvimento de medicamentos neuroprotetores.
Keywords
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder - Sleep - REM - Parasomnias - Synucleinopathies - Sleep Wake Disorders - Polysomnography - Drug TherapyPalavras-chave
Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REM - Sono REM - Parassonias - Sinucleinopatias - Transtornos do Sono-Vigília - Polissonografia - Tratamento FarmacológicoAuthors' Contributions
MASN: drafting, design, and revision of the manuscript; FGS: drafting, design, and revision of the manuscript; LLGG: drafting and revision of the manuscript. RCA: conception and revision of the manuscript; ALE: drafting and revision of the manuscript; CHS: wrote the final two sections and provided input and editing for the entire manuscript.
Publication History
Received: 28 August 2023
Accepted: 17 September 2023
Article published online:
29 December 2023
© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
-
References
- 1 International Classification of Sleep Disorders – Third Edition (ICSD-3) (Online) - American Academy of Sleep Medicine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 16]. Available from: https://learn.aasm.org/Listing/a1341000002XmRvAAK
- 2 Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Ettinger MG, Mahowald MW. Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia. Sleep 1986; 9 (02) 293-308 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3505730/ cited 2023 Aug 16
- 3 Högl B, Arnulf I, Bergmann M. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: Past, present, and future. J Sleep Res 2022; 31 (04) e13612
- 4 Iranzo A, Santamaria J, de Riquer M. Sleep and sleep disorders in Don Quixote. Sleep Med 2004; 5 (01) 97-100
- 5 Fuller PM, Saper CB, Lu J. The pontine REM switch: past and present. J Physiol 2007; 584 (Pt 3): 735-741
- 6 Lu J, Sherman D, Devor M, Saper CB. A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature 2006; 441 (7093) 589-594 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16688184/ cited 2023 Aug 15
- 7 Iranzo A, Santamaria J, Tolosa E. The clinical and pathophysiological relevance of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurodegenerative diseases. Sleep Med Rev 2009; 13 (06) 385-401 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19362028/ cited 2023 Aug 15 [Internet]
- 8 Peever J, Fuller PM. The Biology of REM Sleep. Curr Biol 2017; 27 (22) R1237-R1248 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29161567/ cited 2023 Aug 15
- 9 Fraigne JJ, Torontali ZA, Snow MB, Peever JH. REM Sleep at its Core - Circuits, Neurotransmitters, and Pathophysiology. Front Neurol 2015; 6 (MAY): 123 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26074874/ cited 2023 Aug 15
- 10 Dauvilliers Y, Schenck CH, Postuma RB. et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4 (01) 19 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30166532/
- 11 Zoetmulder M, Nikolic M, Biernat H, Korbo L, Friberg L, Jennum P. Increased Motor Activity During REM Sleep Is Linked with Dopamine Function in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Parkinson Disease. J Clin Sleep Med 2016; 12 (06) 895-903
- 12 Gersel Stokholm M, Iranzo A, Østergaard K. et al. Cholinergic denervation in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27 (04) 644-652
- 13 Iranzo A, Santamaría J, Valldeoriola F. et al. Dopamine transporter imaging deficit predicts early transition to synucleinopathy in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol 2017; 82 (03) 419-428
- 14 Liguori C, Ruffini R, Olivola E. et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder is different from tau-related and α-synuclein-related neurodegenerative disorders: A brain [18F]FDG PET study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 64: 97-105
- 15 Zhang X, Chai C, Ghassaban K. et al. Assessing brain iron and volume of subcortical nuclei in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2021; 44 (10) zsab131
- 16 Campabadal A, Abos A, Segura B. et al. Disruption of posterior brain functional connectivity and its relation to cognitive impairment in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 25 (Jan): 102138
- 17 Ehgoetz Martens KA, Matar E, Shine JM. et al. The Neural Signature of Impaired Dual-Tasking in Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Patients. Mov Disord 2020; 35 (09) 1596-1606
- 18 Christopher L, Marras C, Duff-Canning S. et al. Combined insular and striatal dopamine dysfunction are associated with executive deficits in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment. Brain 2014; 137 (Pt 2): 565-575
- 19 Comella CL, Nardine TM, Diederich NJ, Stebbins GT. Sleep-related violence, injury, and REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1998; 51 (02) 526-529 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9710029
- 20 Sobreira-Neto MA, Pena-Pereira MA, Sobreira EST. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease: clinical and polysomnographic characteristics. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2019;17(01):
- 21 Oudiette D, De Cock VC, Lavault S, Leu S, Vidailhet M, Arnulf I. Nonviolent elaborate behaviors may also occur in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 2009; 72 (06) 551-557 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19204265/ cited 2023 Aug 16
- 22 Iranzo A. The importance of sleep medicine consultation for diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder in most patients with Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med 2002; 3 (06) 537-538 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14592156/ cited 2023 Aug 16
- 23 Olson EJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 2): 331-339 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10648440/
- 24 Stiasny-Kolster K, Mayer G, Schäfer S, Möller JC, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Oertel WH. The REM sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire–a new diagnostic instrument. Mov Disord 2007; 22 (16) 2386-2393 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17894337/ cited 2023 Aug 15
- 25 Pena-Pereira MA, Sobreira-Neto MA, Sobreira E. et al. Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ-BR). Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2020; 78 (10) 629-637 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33146233/ cited 2023 Aug 4
- 26 Antelmi E, Lippolis M, Biscarini F, Tinazzi M, Plazzi G. REM sleep behavior disorder: Mimics and variants. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 60: 101515
- 27 Puligheddu M, Figorilli M, Congiu P. et al. Quantification of REM sleep without atonia: A review of study methods and meta-analysis of their performance for the diagnosis of RBD. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 68 (Apr): 101745
- 28 Frauscher B, Iranzo A, Gaig C. et al; SINBAR (Sleep Innsbruck Barcelona) Group. Normative EMG values during REM sleep for the diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2012; 35 (06) 835-847
- 29 McCarter SJ, St Louis EK, Sandness DJ. et al. Diagnostic REM sleep muscle activity thresholds in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2017; 33: 23-29
- 30 Troester MM, Quan SF, Berry RB. at al; for the AA of SM. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Clinical Specifications. Version 3. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2023
- 31 Iranzo A, Santamaría J. Severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea mimicking REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2005; 28 (02) 203-206 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16171244/ cited 2023 Aug 20
- 32 Nguyen-Michel VH, Solano O, Leu-Semenescu S. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder or epileptic seizure during sleep? A video analysis of motor events. Seizure 2018; 58: 1-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29597138/ cited 2023 Aug 20
- 33 Gaig C, Iranzo A, Pujol M, Perez H, Santamaria J. Periodic limb movements during sleep mimicking REM sleep behavior disorder: A new form of periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep 2017;40(03):
- 34 Sobreira-Neto MA, Pena-Pereira MA, Sobreira EST. et al. High Frequency of Sleep Disorders in Parkinson's Disease and Its Relationship with Quality of Life. Eur Neurol 2017; 78 (5-6): 330-337 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29084403/ cited 2023 Aug 4
- 35 Giannini G, Provini F, Cortelli P, Calandra-Buonaura G. REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder in Multiple System Atrophy: From Prodromal to Progression of Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12: 677213 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34194385/ cited 2023 Aug 4
- 36 Iranzo A, Fernández-Arcos A, Tolosa E. et al. Neurodegenerative disorder risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: study in 174 patients. PLoS One 2014; 9 (02) e89741
- 37 Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rüb U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24 (02) 197-211 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12498954
- 38 Postuma RB, Iranzo A, Hu M. et al. Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study. Brain 2019; 142 (03) 744-759 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30789229/ cited 2023 Aug 16
- 39 Gossard TR, Teigen LN, Yoo S. et al. Patient values and preferences regarding prognostic counseling in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2023; 46 (01) zsac244 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36259668/ cited 2023 Aug 16
- 40 Högl B, Iranzo A. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder and Other Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Parasomnias. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2017; 23 (4, Sleep Neurology): 1017-1034 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28777174/
- 41 Terzaghi M, Toscano G, Casoni F. et al. Assessment of cognitive profile as a prodromal marker of the evolution of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2019; 42 (08) zsz103 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013340/ cited 2023 Aug 16
- 42 Miglis MG, Adler CH, Antelmi E. et al. Biomarkers of conversion to α-synucleinopathy in isolated rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20 (08) 671-684
- 43 Baltzan M, Yao C, Rizzo D, Postuma R. Dream enactment behavior: review for the clinician. J Clin Sleep Med 2020; 16 (11) 1949-1969 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32741444/ cited 2023 Aug 20
- 44 Hoque R. Pharmacologically induced/exacerbated restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements of sleep, and REM sleep behavior disorder: a worthwhile consideration. J Clin Sleep Med 2020; 16 (S1): 13-14
- 45 Howell M, Avidan AY, Foldvary-Schaefer N. et al. Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19 (04) 769-810
- 46 Kunz D, Mahlberg R. A two-part, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of exogenous melatonin in REM sleep behaviour disorder. J Sleep Res 2010; 19 (04) 591-596
- 47 Hadi F, Agah E, Tavanbakhsh S. et al. Safety and efficacy of melatonin, clonazepam, and trazodone in patients with Parkinson's disease and sleep disorders: a randomized, double-blind trial. Neurol Sci 2022; 43 (10) 6141-6148
- 48 Gilat M, Coeytaux Jackson A, Marshall NS. et al. Melatonin for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: A randomised controlled trial. Mov Disord 2020; 35 (02) 344-349
- 49 Jun JS, Kim R, Byun JI. et al. Prolonged-release melatonin in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6 (04) 716-722
- 50 Byun JI, Shin YY, Seong YA. et al. Comparative efficacy of prolonged-release melatonin versus clonazepam for isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Breath 2023; 27 (01) 309-318
- 51 Li SX, Lam SP, Zhang J. et al. A prospective, naturalistic follow-up study of treatment outcomes with clonazepam in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 2016; 21 (21) 114-120
- 52 Shin C, Park H, Lee WW, Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Jeon B. Clonazepam for probable REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Neurol Sci 2019; 401 (April): 81-86
- 53 Brunetti V, Losurdo A, Testani E. et al. Rivastigmine for refractory REM behavior disorder in mild cognitive impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 2014; 11 (03) 267-273
- 54 Di Giacopo R, Fasano A, Quaranta D, Della Marca G, Bove F, Bentivoglio AR. Rivastigmine as alternative treatment for refractory REM behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012; 27 (04) 559-561 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22290743/ cited 2023 Aug 16
- 55 Sasai T, Inoue Y, Matsuura M. Effectiveness of pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, on rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Tohoku J Exp Med 2012; 226 (03) 177-181
- 56 Kumru H, Iranzo A, Carrasco E. et al. Lack of effects of pramipexole on REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease. Sleep 2008; 31 (10) 1418-1421
- 57 Wang Y, Yang Y, Wu H, Lan D, Chen Y, Zhao Z. Effects of rotigotine on REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease. J Clin Sleep Med 2016; 12 (10) 1403-1409
- 58 Ozone M, Shimazaki H, Ichikawa H, Shigeta M. Efficacy of yokukansan compared with clonazepam for rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: a preliminary retrospective study. Psychogeriatrics 2020; 20 (05) 681-690
- 59 Matsui K, Sasai-Sakuma T, Ishigooka J, Nishimura K, Inoue Y. Effect of yokukansan for the treatment of idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 15 (08) 1173-1178
- 60 Plastino M, Gorgone G, Fava A. et al. Effects of safinamide on REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease: A randomized, longitudinal, cross-over pilot study. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 91: 306-312
- 61 Esaki Y, Kitajima T, Koike S. et al. An open-labeled trial of ramelteon in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. J Clin Sleep Med 2016; 12 (05) 689-693
- 62 Kashihara K, Nomura T, Maeda T. et al. Beneficial effects of ramelteon on rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder associated with Parkinson's disease - Results of a multicenter open trial. Intern Med 2016; 55 (03) 231-236
- 63 de Almeida CMO, Brito MMC, Bosaipo NB. et al. Cannabidiol for Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2021; 36 (07) 1711-1715
- 64 Stefani A, Santamaria J, Iranzo A, Hackner H, Schenck CH, Högl B. Nelotanserin as symptomatic treatment for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a double-blind randomized study using video analysis in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinson's disease dementia. Sleep Med 2021; 81: 180-187
- 65 Meloni M, Figorilli M, Carta M. et al. Preliminary finding of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptophan on REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease. Sleep Breath 2022; 26 (03) 1023-1031
- 66 Li Y, Wang C, Luo N. et al. Efficacy of idebenone in the Treatment of iRBD into Synucleinopathies (EITRS): rationale, design, and methodology of a randomized, double-blind, multi-center clinical study. Front Neurol 2022; 13: 981249 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36172027/ cited 2023 Aug 16
- 67 Kinoshita F, Nakayama M, Takada H. [Discrimination of Chin Electromyography in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Using Deep Learning]. Jpn J Hyg 2022;77(00): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35314576/
- 68 Gaurav R, Pyatigorskaya N, Biondetti E. et al. Deep Learning-Based Neuromelanin MRI Changes of Isolated REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2022; 37 (05) 1064-1069 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35102604/ cited 2023 Aug 16
- 69 Stefani A, Mozersky J, Kotagal V. et al. Ethical Aspects of Prodromal Synucleinopathy Prognostic Counseling. Semin Neurol 2023; 43 (01) 166-177 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36693433/ cited 2023 Aug 22
- 70 Elliott JE, Lim MM, Keil AT. et al; North American Prodromal Synucleinopathy (NAPS) Consortium. Baseline characteristics of the North American prodromal Synucleinopathy cohort. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10 (04) 520-535 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36751940/ cited 2023 Aug 22
- 71 Puligheddu M, Figorilli M, Antelmi E. et al; and the FARPRESTO Consortium. Predictive risk factors of phenoconversion in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: the Italian study “FARPRESTO”. Neurol Sci 2022; 43 (12) 6919-6928 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36087148/ cited 2023 Aug 22
- 72 Joza S, Hu MT, Jung K-Y. et al; International REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Study Group. Progression of clinical markers in prodromal Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a multicentre study. Brain 2023; 146 (08) 3258-3272 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36881989/ cited 2023 Aug 22
- 73 Schenck CH, Hurwitz TD, Mahowald MW. Symposium: Normal and abnormal REM sleep regulation: REM sleep behaviour disorder: an update on a series of 96 patients and a review of the world literature. J Sleep Res 1993; 2 (04) 224-231 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10607098/ cited 2023 Aug 22
- 74 Schenck CH, Lee SA, Bornemann MAC, Mahowald MW. Potentially lethal behaviors associated with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: review of the literature and forensic implications. J Forensic Sci 2009; 54 (06) 1475-1484 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19788703/ cited 2023 Aug 22
- 75 Zhou J, Liang B, Du L, Tan L, Tang X. A patient with childhood-onset aggressive parasomnia diagnosed 50 years later with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and a history of sleepwalking. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017; 160: 105-107 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28709007/ cited 2023 Aug 22
- 76 Fernández-Arcos A, Iranzo A, Serradell M, Gaig C, Santamaria J. The Clinical Phenotype of Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder at Presentation: A Study in 203 Consecutive Patients. Sleep 2016; 39 (01) 121-132 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26940460/ cited 2023 Aug 22
- 77 Castelnovo A, Schraemli M, Schenck C, Manconi M. 0700 Parasomnia-related homicides: A systematic review and a critical analysis of the medical literature. Sleep (Basel) 2023; 46 (Suppl. 01) A308-A308 cited 2023 Aug 22
- 78 Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Parasomnias: sleepwalking and the law. Sleep Med Rev 2000; 4 (04) 321-339 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12531173/ cited 2023 Aug 22
- 79 Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Cramer Bornemann MA. Sleep-related violence. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2005; 5 (02) 153-158 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15743554/ cited 2023 Aug 22