Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Sleep Sci 2024; 17(01): e16-e25
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1778014
Original Article

Sleep Quality in CrossFit: A Cross-Sectional Study

Gabriela Duarte Simoes
1   Department of Nutrition, Faculdade de Minas (FAMINAS-BH), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
,
Fernanda de Araujo Martins
1   Department of Nutrition, Faculdade de Minas (FAMINAS-BH), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
,
Valden Luis Matos Capistrano Jr
2   Department of Nutrition and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
,
Luiz Lannes Loureiro
3   Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
,
Marcio Leandro Ribeiro de Souza 
1   Department of Nutrition, Faculdade de Minas (FAMINAS-BH), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
› Author Affiliations Financial Support This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective Based on the relationship between sleep and sports performance, the present study aimed to evaluate sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness among adult CrossFit (CrossFit, LLC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) practitioners and to verify possible associations with intestinal health.

Methods This cross-sectional study involved males and females aged ≥ 18 years who had been regularly practicing CrossFit for at least 3 months. This survey used an online questionnaire addressing demographic and socioeconomic data, disease history, dietary characteristics, and questions regarding CrossFit. To assess intestinal health, the ROME IV Consensus Criteria and Bristol Scale were used. The Pittsburgh International Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-BR) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used to assess sleep quality.

Results A total of 1,090 people (73.3% females) with a mean age of 31.2 ± 7.5 years were included. Considering the diagnosis of constipation, 36.9% of the patients were classified as constipated, especially females when compared with males (p < 0.001). On the sleepiness scale, 22.4% of the volunteers showed excessive daytime sleepiness, which was also observed more frequently among females (p = 0.013). In the PSQI-BR, 47.4% of participants were classified as having poor sleep quality (poor sleepers). The overall PSQI-BR score was 5.81 ± 2.85, with no difference between males and females (p = 0.360). There was a positive correlation between the PSQI-BR global score and a diagnosis of constipation and excessive daytime sleepiness. There was a negative correlation between the stool type on the Bristol scale and the PSQI-BR global score.

Conclusion The present study demonstrated that sleep quality was poor among CrossFit users, especially females, which can compromise their training performance.

Keywords

sleep - sleep quality - high-intensity interval training - disorders of excessive somnolence

Authors' Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the manuscript and read and approved the final version of the manuscript.




Publication History

Received: 30 December 2022

Accepted: 08 May 2023

Article published online:
15 February 2024

© 2024. Brazilian Sleep Association. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil

 

  • References

  • 1 Claudino JG, Gabbett TJ, Bourgeois F. et al. CrossFit overview: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med Open 2018; 4 (01) 11
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Sena MS, Souza MLR, Capistrano Jr VLM. Resting energy expenditure in CrossFit participants: predictive equations versus indirect calorimetry. Int J Kinesiol Sports Sci 2021; 9 (02) 7-13
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 de Souza RAS, da Silva AG, de Souza MF. et al. A systematic review of CrossFit Workouts and dietary and supplementation interventions to guide nutritional strategies and future research in CrossFit. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31 (02) 187-205
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Walsh NP, Halson SL, Sargent C. et al. Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55 (07) 356-368
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Charest J, Grandner MA. Sleep and Athletic Performance: Impacts on Physical Performance, Mental Performance, Injury Risk and Recovery, and Mental Health: An Update. Sleep Med Clin 2022; 17 (02) 263-282
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Raikes AC, Athey A, Alfonso-Miller P, Killgore WDS, Grandner MA. Insomnia and daytime sleepiness: risk factors for sports-related concussion. Sleep Med 2019; 58: 66-74
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Sargent C, Lastella M, Halson SL, Roach GD. How much sleep does an elite athlete need?. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16 (12) 1746-1757
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Dattilo M, Antunes HKM, Medeiros A. et al. Sleep and muscle recovery: endocrinological and molecular basis for a new and promising hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77 (02) 220-222
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Grandner MA. Sleep, health, and society. Sleep Med Clin 2017; 12 (01) 1-22
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Vitale KC, Owens R, Hopkins SR, Malhotra A. Sleep hygiene for optimizing recovery in athletes: review and recommendations. Int J Sports Med 2019; 40 (08) 535-543
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Doherty R, Madigan S, Warrington G, Ellis J. Sleep and nutrition interactions: implications for athletes. Nutrients 2019; 11 (04) 822
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Craven J, McCartney D, Desbrow B. et al. Effects of acute sleep loss on physical performance: A systematic review and meta-analytical review. Sports Med 2022; 52 (11) 2669-2690
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Rasko DA. The human microbiome: from symbiosis to pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 2013; 64: 145-163
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Yarandi SS, Peterson DA, Treisman GJ, Moran TH, Pasricha PJ. Modulatory effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system: how gut could play a role in neuropsychiatric health and diseases. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22 (02) 201-212
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Matenchuk BA, Mandhane PJ, Kozyrskyj AL. Sleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 53: 101340
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Hughes RL, Holscher HD. Fueling gut microbes: A review of the interaction between diet, exercise, and the gut microbiota in athletes. Adv Nutr 2021; 12 (06) 2190-2215
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 WHO. World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Genebra, 1995. 452p. (Technical Report Series No. 854). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/37003
  • 18 Saad RJ, Rao SSC, Koch KL. et al. Do stool form and frequency correlate with whole-gut and colonic transit? Results from a multicenter study in constipated individuals and healthy controls. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105 (02) 403-411
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Sobrado CW, Neto IJFC, Pinto RA, Sobrado LF, Nahas SC, Cecconello I. Diagnosis and treatment of constipation: a clinical update based on the Rome IV criteria. J Coloproctol (Rio J) 2018; 38 (02) 137-144
    Thieme ConnectSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Bertolazi AN, Fagondes SC, Hoff LS. et al. Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep Med 2011; 12 (01) 70-75
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Bertolazi AN, Fagondes SC, Hoff LS, Pedro VD, Barreto SSM, Johns MW. Validação da escala de sonolência de Epworth em português para uso no Brasil. J Bras Pneumol 2009; 35 (09) 877-883
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Klier K, Dörr S, Schmidt A. High sleep quality can increase the performance of CrossFit® athletes in highly technical- and cognitive-demanding categories. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13 (01) 137
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Mah CD, Kezirian EJ, Marcello BM, Dement WC. Poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep of a collegiate student-athlete population. Sleep Health 2018; 4 (03) 251-257
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Charest J, Grandner MA. Sleep and Athletic Performance: Impacts on Physical Performance, Mental Performance, Injury Risk and Recovery, and Mental Health. Sleep Med Clin 2020; 15 (01) 41-57
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Simpson NS, Gibbs EL, Matheson GO. Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: implications and recommendations for elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27 (03) 266-274
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Otis CL, Drinkwater B, Johnson M, Loucks A, Wilmore J. A tríade da atleta: posicionamento oficial. Rev Bras Med Esporte 1999; 5 (04) 150-158
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Dashti HS, Scheer FA, Jacques PF, Lamon-Fava S, Ordovás JM. Short sleep duration and dietary intake: epidemiologic evidence, mechanisms, and health implications. Adv Nutr 2015; 6 (06) 648-659
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Ulrich-Lai YM, Fulton S, Wilson M, Petrovich G, Rinaman L. Stress exposure, food intake and emotional state. Stress 2015; 18 (04) 381-399
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Broussard JL, Kilkus JM, Delebecque F. et al. Elevated ghrelin predicts food intake during experimental sleep restriction. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24 (01) 132-138
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Jäger R, Mohr AE, Carpenter KC. et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16 (01) 62
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar