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CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2024; 18(04): 1107-1115
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1782190
Original Article

The Effects of Ultrasonic Scaling and Air-Abrasive Powders on the Topography of Implant Surfaces: Scanning Electron Analysis and In Vitro Study

Francesco Gianfreda
1   Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
,
Gaetano Marenzi
2   Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
,
Eleonora Nicolai
3   Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
,
Maurizio Muzzi
4   Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, Rome, Italy
,
Monica Bari
5   Facoltà Dipartimentale di Medicina, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
,
Sergio Bernardini   *
3   Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
,
Daniela Adamo
2   Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
,
Alessandra Miniello
2   Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
,
Gilberto Sammartino   *
2   Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
,
Patrizio Bollero   *
6   Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Abstract

Objectives This in vitro study aimed to investigate the impact of bicarbonate air-abrasive powders and ultrasonic scaling with stainless steel tips on the micro- and nanotopography and roughness of three different implant–abutment junction titanium surfaces.

Materials and Methods Three types of sterile and decontaminated titanium surfaces (RS, UTM, XA) were used for analysis. Nine disks per surface type were subjected to micro- and nanotopography analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), roughness analysis, and fibroblast cultivation. Ultrasonic debridement and air polishing were performed on the surfaces. Human dermal fibroblasts were cultured on the surfaces for 5 days.

Statistical Analysis Data analysis adhered to ISO 25178 standards for surface texture assessment. SEM micrographs were used to reconstruct areas for extracting roughness parameters. Excel and Mex 6.0 software were utilized for quantitative and stereoscopic analysis.

Results The study found varying effects on surface roughness posttreatment. RS Disco samples exhibited higher surface roughness compared with UTM and XA samples, both in average and nanoscale roughness. Decontamination led to increased surface roughness for all samples, particularly RS Disco. Fibroblast growth tests revealed enhanced cell network formation on decontaminated discs, possibly due to increased nanoscale roughness or the presence of bicarbonate salts.

Conclusion The study underscores the complex interplay between surface topography, microbial biofilm, and treatment efficacy in peri-implant disease management. While smoother surfaces may resist biofilm accumulation, increased nanoscale roughness postdecontamination can enhance fibroblast attachment and soft tissue integration. This dichotomy highlights the need for tailored treatment protocols that consider material-specific factors, emphasizing that successful implant therapy should balance microbial control with conducive surface characteristics for long-term osseointegration and soft tissue stability.

Keywords

bicarbonate air-abrasive powders - implant–abutment junction - peri-implantitis - titanium surfaces - ultrasonic scaling

* These authors contributed equally to this work.




Publication History

Article published online:
02 May 2024

© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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