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Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2024; 28(04): 462-476
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786152
Review Article

Imaging of the Pediatric Knee

Carlos Yaya-Quezada
1   Section of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Lewis Fanney
1   Section of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2   Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
,
Vandan Patel
1   Section of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
3   Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
4   Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Benjamin H. Taragin
1   Section of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
5   Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Brendan A. Williams
4   Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
5   Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Paolo Simoni
6   Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
,
Jie C. Nguyen
1   Section of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
5   Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract

During normal development, imaging findings in the immature knee joint may mimic pathology or indicate transient sites of weakness, prone to injury. This article reviews the development of the knee joint, age- and maturation-dependent imaging considerations, and various developmental variants that can be encountered, subdivided into those that involve the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral compartments, soft tissues, and osseous components. The tibiofemoral compartment section reviews the focal periphyseal edema zone (FOPE), ossification variants of the femoral condyles, distal femoral metaphyseal cortical irregularity from periosteal traction, and the metaphyseal subperiosteal stripe, which should be distinguished from pathologic mimickers such as endochondral ossification dysfunction, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), fibroosseous lesion, periosteal and subcortical pathologies. The patellofemoral compartment section includes a review of partite patella, dorsolateral defect, variant trochlear morphology, and maturation-dependent sites of transient weakness that are prone to injury from repetitive overuse (Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome and Osgood-Schlatter disease) and avulsion fractures (patellar sleeve and tibial tubercle avulsions). Finally, soft tissue (discoid lateral meniscus, meniscal flounce, anterior cruciate ligament variants) and osseous components (meniscal ossicle, fabella, and cyamella) are reviewed.

Keywords

fracture - normal variants - imaging - knee - growth plate


Publication History

Article published online:
29 July 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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