Surgical Outcomes of Epidural Hematoma in Trauma Patients with Absent Pupillary Reactions: A National Trauma Data Analysis

Abstract

Background Absent pupillary reaction occasionally heralds a poor prognosis following severe head injury. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the outcome of all patients who underwent acute evacuation of epidural hematoma (EDH) despite absent bilateral pupillary reaction.

Methods The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database for the calendar years 2017 and 2018 was accessed for the study. Adult patients ≥18 years of age who sustained severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with the diagnosis of EDH and underwent evacuation of the hematoma were included in the study. The patients' characteristics, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, midline shift, and comorbidities were compared between patients who had absence of both pupillary reaction (ABPR) and those who presented with presence of both pupillary reaction (PBPR). The primary outcome of the study was in-hospital mortality. Propensity score matching analyses were performed for the study.

Results No significant differences were found between the ABPR and PBPR groups regarding the median age (37 years [interquartile range (IQR): 26–53] vs. 40 years [IQR: 28–55]), gender (males; 81.9 vs. 79.5%), median ISS (29 [25.5–34] vs. 27 [25–33]), GCS score (3 [3–4] vs. 3 [3–3], presence of significant midline shift (75.9 vs. 79.5%), and comorbidities. The patients who presented with ABPR had a significantly higher mortality (34.9 vs. 10.8%; p = 0.002). A higher number of patients were discharged to skilled nursing and rehabilitation facilities (16.7 vs. 10.8% and 46.3 vs. 41.9%, respectively; p = 0.045).

Conclusion Approximately 65% of severe TBI patients survived after the evacuation of the EDH despite the absence of pupillary reaction.

Keywords

epidural hematoma - severe traumatic brain injury - absent pupillary reaction - survival

Note

This paper was presented at the Scientific Forum of Clinical Congress, American College of Surgeons, 2022.

Authors' Contributions

N.A. conceptualized the idea of the study and extracted the data. Y.-H.K. analyzed the data. N.A., Y.-H.K., and S.S. were all involved in writing the manuscript.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

The study was performed according to an ethical standard.

Informed consent

This study used de-identified patient information from a national database. The study was considered exempt from the Meridian Health IRB. Informed consent was not required as per policy.

Publication History

Received: 16 May 2023

Accepted: 04 March 2024

Article published online:
31 May 2024

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