RSS-Feed abonnieren
Bitte kopieren Sie die angezeigte URL und fügen sie dann in Ihren RSS-Reader ein.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/de/10.1055-s-00050590.xml
PDF herunterladen
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian J Radiol Imaging 2025; 35(01): 123-138
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786871
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786871
Review Article
Imaging in Esophageal Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Funding None.
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the common cancers. Risk factors are well recognized and lead most commonly to two distinct histological subtypes (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma). The diagnosis is based on endoscopic evaluation. The most challenging aspect of management is accurate staging as it guides appropriate management. Endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography-CT, and magnetic resonance imaging are the imaging tests employed for the staging. Each imaging test has its own merits and demerits. Imaging is also critical to evaluate posttreatment complication and for response assessment. In this review article, we discuss in detail the risk factors, anatomical aspects, and role of imaging test in staging and evaluation of complications and response after treatment.
Publikationsverlauf
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
18. Mai 2024
© 2024. Indian Radiological Association. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India
-
References
- 1 Sharma P, McQuaid K, Dent J. et al; AGA Chicago Workshop. A critical review of the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus: the AGA Chicago Workshop. Gastroenterology 2004; 127 (01) 310-330
- 2 Brooks PJ, Zakhari S. Acetaldehyde and the genome: beyond nuclear DNA adducts and carcinogenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen 2014; 55 (02) 77-91
- 3 Liang H, Fan JH, Qiao YL. Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China. Cancer Biol Med 2017; 14 (01) 33-41
- 4 Torres-Aguilera M, Remes Troche JM. Achalasia and esophageal cancer: risks and links. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2018; 11: 309-316
- 5 Arnold M, Soerjomataram I, Ferlay J, Forman D. Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012. Gut 2015; 64 (03) 381-387
- 6 Chaudhry SR, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Thorax, Esophagus. July 24, 2023. . In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing;; January 2023
- 7 Kassem MM, Wallen JM. Esophageal Perforation and Tears. August 7, 2023. . In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing;; January 2023
- 8 Hwang SE, Kim JH, Bae SI, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Murakami G, Cho BH. Mesoesophagus and other fascial structures of the abdominal and lower thoracic esophagus: a histological study using human embryos and fetuses. Anat Cell Biol 2014; 47 (04) 227-235
- 9 Cuesta MA, Weijs TJ, Bleys RL. et al. A new concept of the anatomy of the thoracic oesophagus: the meso-oesophagus. Observational study during thoracoscopic esophagectomy. Surg Endosc 2015; 29 (09) 2576-2582
- 10 Weijs TJ, Goense L, van Rossum PSN. et al. The peri-esophageal connective tissue layers and related compartments: visualization by histology and magnetic resonance imaging. J Anat 2017; 230 (02) 262-271
- 11 Tachimori Y. Total mesoesophageal esophagectomy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2014; 127 (03) 574-579
- 12 Akiyama Y, Iwaya T, Endo F. et al. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy with total meso-esophageal excision reduces regional lymph node recurrence. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2018; 403 (08) 967-975
- 13 Iyer RB, Silverman PM, Tamm EP, Dunnington JS, DuBrow RA. Diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of esophageal cancer. Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181 (03) 785-793
- 14 Then EO, Lopez M, Saleem S. et al. Esophageal cancer: an updated surveillance epidemiology and end results database analysis. World J Oncol 2020; 11 (02) 55-64
- 15 Quint LE, Bogot NR. Staging esophageal cancer. Cancer Imaging 2008; 8 Spec No A (Spec Iss A): S33-S42
- 16 Ji X, Cai J, Chen Y, Chen LQ. Lymphatic spreading and lymphadenectomy for esophageal carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 8 (01) 90-94
- 17 Mannell A. Carcinoma of the esophagus. Curr Probl Surg 1982; 19 (10) 553-647
- 18 Little AG, Ferguson MK, DeMeester TR, Hoffman PC, Skinner DB. Esophageal carcinoma with respiratory tract fistula. Cancer 1984; 53 (06) 1322-1328
- 19 Takayama T, Okura Y, Funakoshi K, Sato T, Ohi H, Kato T. Esophageal cancer with an esophagopericardial fistula and purulent pericarditis. Intern Med 2013; 52 (02) 243-247
- 20 Owczarek AD, Viniol S, König AM. et al. pTEVAR of an aorto-esophageal fistula in esophageal cancer: case report and review of the literature. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18 (07) 2526-2530
- 21 Thakkar S, Kaul V. Endoscopic ultrasound staging of esophageal cancer. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2020; 16 (01) 14-20
- 22 DaVee T, Ajani JA, Lee JH. Is endoscopic ultrasound examination necessary in the management of esophageal cancer?. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23 (05) 751-762
- 23 Cho JW. The role of endoscopic ultrasonography in T staging: early gastric cancer and esophageal cancer. Clin Endosc 2013; 46 (03) 239-242
- 24 Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML, Antillon D, Ibdah JA, Antillon MR. Staging accuracy of esophageal cancer by endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14 (10) 1479-1490
- 25 Thosani N, Singh H, Kapadia A. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of EUS in differentiating mucosal versus submucosal invasion of superficial esophageal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75 (02) 242-253
- 26 Kelly S, Harris KM, Berry E. et al. A systematic review of the staging performance of endoscopic ultrasound in gastro-oesophageal carcinoma. Gut 2001; 49 (04) 534-539
- 27 Radlinski M, Shami VM. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in esophageal cancer. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 14 (04) 205-214
- 28 Elsherif SB, Andreou S, Virarkar M. et al. Role of precision imaging in esophageal cancer. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12 (09) 5159-5176
- 29 Picus D, Balfe DM, Koehler RE, Roper CL, Owen JW. Computed tomography in the staging of esophageal carcinoma. Radiology 1983; 146 (02) 433-438
- 30 Iyer R, Dubrow R. Imaging of esophageal cancer. Cancer Imaging 2004; 4 (02) 125-132
- 31 Griffin Y. Esophageal cancer: role of imaging in primary staging and response assessment post neoadjuvant therapy. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2016; 37 (04) 339-351
- 32 Kato H, Kuwano H, Nakajima M. et al. Comparison between positron emission tomography and computed tomography in the use of the assessment of esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 94 (04) 921-928
- 33 Lee S, Choi Y, Park G. et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters for predicting prognosis in esophageal cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20: 15 330338211024655
- 34 Bruzzi JF, Truong MT, Marom EM. et al. Incidental findings on integrated PET/CT that do not accumulate 18F-FDG. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187 (04) 1116-1123
- 35 Shi W, Wang W, Wang J, Cheng H, Huo X. Meta-analysis of 18FDG PET-CT for nodal staging in patients with esophageal cancer. Surg Oncol 2013; 22 (02) 112-116
- 36 Bruzzi JF, Munden RF, Truong MT. et al. PET/CT of esophageal cancer: its role in clinical management. Radiographics 2007; 27 (06) 1635-1652
- 37 Bunting D, Bracey T, Fox B, Berrisford R, Wheatley T, Sanders G. Loco-regional staging accuracy in oesophageal cancer-how good are we in the modern era?. Eur J Radiol 2017; 97: 71-75
- 38 Pellat A, Dohan A, Soyer P, Veziant J, Coriat R, Barret M. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of esophageal cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14 (05) 1141
- 39 Jayaprakasam VS, Yeh R, Ku GY. et al. Role of imaging in esophageal cancer management in 2020: update for radiologists. Am J Roentgenol 2020; 215 (05) 1072-1084
- 40 Yamada I, Miyasaka N, Hikishima K. et al. Ultra-high-resolution MR imaging of esophageal carcinoma at ultra-high field strength (7.0T) ex vivo: correlation with histopathologic findings. Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 33 (04) 413-419
- 41 Yamada I, Murata Y, Izumi Y. et al. Staging of esophageal carcinoma in vitro with 4.7-T MR imaging. Radiology 1997; 204 (02) 521-526
- 42 Yamada I, Izumi Y, Kawano T. et al. Esophageal carcinoma: evaluation with high-resolution three-dimensional constructive interference in steady state MR imaging in vitro. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24 (06) 1326-1332
- 43 Yamada I, Hikishima K, Miyasaka N. et al. Diffusion-tensor MRI and tractography of the esophageal wall ex vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 40 (03) 567-576
- 44 Yamada I, Hikishima K, Miyasaka N. et al. Esophageal carcinoma: ex vivo evaluation with diffusion-tensor MR imaging and tractography at 7 T. Radiology 2014; 272 (01) 164-173
- 45 Wei Y, Wu S, Gao F. et al. Esophageal carcinoma: Ex vivo evaluation by high-spatial-resolution T2 -mapping MRI compared with histopathological findings at 3.0T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 45 (06) 1609-1616
- 46 Riddell AM, Allum WH, Thompson JN, Wotherspoon AC, Richardson C, Brown G. The appearances of oesophageal carcinoma demonstrated on high-resolution, T2-weighted MRI, with histopathological correlation. Eur Radiol 2007; 17 (02) 391-399
- 47 Riddell AM, Davies DC, Allum WH, Wotherspoon AC, Richardson C, Brown G. High-resolution MRI in evaluation of the surgical anatomy of the esophagus and posterior mediastinum. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188 (01) W37-43
- 48 Zhang F, Qu J, Zhang H. et al. Preoperative t staging of potentially resectable esophageal cancer: a comparison between free-breathing radial vibe and breath-hold Cartesian vibe, with histopathological correlation. Transl Oncol 2017; 10 (03) 324-331
- 49 Zhang J, Hu W, Zang L. et al. Clinical investigation on application of water swallowing to MR esophagography. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81 (09) 1980-1985
- 50 Tang YL, Zhang XM, Yang ZG. et al. The blood oxygenation T2 * values of resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinomas as measured by 3T magnetic resonance imaging: association with tumor stage. Korean J Radiol 2017; 18 (04) 674-681
- 51 Lee SL, Yadav P, Starekova J. et al. Diagnostic performance of MRI for esophageal carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology 2021; 299 (03) 583-594
- 52 Weissleder R, Elizondo G, Wittenberg J, Lee AS, Josephson L, Brady TJ. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide: an intravenous contrast agent for assessing lymph nodes with MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 175 (02) 494-498
- 53 Zhang F, Zhu L, Huang X, Niu G, Chen X. Differentiation of reactive and tumor metastatic lymph nodes with diffusion-weighted and SPIO-enhanced MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15 (01) 40-47
- 54 Nishimura H, Tanigawa N, Hiramatsu M, Tatsumi Y, Matsuki M, Narabayashi I. Preoperative esophageal cancer staging: magnetic resonance imaging of lymph node with ferumoxtran-10, an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 202 (04) 604-611
- 55 Malik V, Harmon M, Johnston C. et al. Whole body MRI in the staging of esophageal cancer - a prospective comparison with whole body 18F-FDG PET-CT. Dig Surg 2015; 32 (05) 397-408
- 56 Lee G, i H, Kim SJ. et al. Clinical implication of PET/MR imaging in preoperative esophageal cancer staging: comparison with PET/CT, endoscopic ultrasonography, and CT. J Nucl Med 2014; 55 (08) 1242-1247
- 57 Lewis RB, Mehrotra AK, Rodriguez P, Levine MS. From the radiologic pathology archives: esophageal neoplasms: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2013; 33 (04) 1083-1108
- 58 di Pietro M, Canto MI, Fitzgerald RC. Endoscopic management of early adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: screening, diagnosis, and therapy. Gastroenterology 2018; 154 (02) 421-436
- 59 Obermannová R, Alsina M, Cervantes A. et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. . Oesophageal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2022; 33 (10) 992-1004
- 60 di Pietro M, Canto MI, Fitzgerald RC. Endoscopic management of early adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: screening, diagnosis, and therapy. Gastroenterology 2018; 154 (02) 421-436
- 61 Biere SSAY, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Maas KW. et al. Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 379 (9829) 1887-1892
- 62 Maas KW, Cuesta MA, van Berge Henegouwen MI. et al. Quality of life and late complications after minimally invasive compared to open esophagectomy: results of a randomized trial. World J Surg 2015; 39 (08) 1986-1993
- 63 Mariette C, Markar SR, Dabakuyo-Yonli TS. et al; Fédération de Recherche en Chirurgie (FRENCH) and French Eso-Gastric Tumors (FREGAT) Working Group. Hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 2019; 380 (02) 152-162
- 64 van der Sluis PC, van der Horst S, May AM. et al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive thoracolaparoscopic esophagectomy versus open transthoracic esophagectomy for resectable esophageal cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2019; 269 (04) 621-630
- 65 Mariette C, Dahan L, Mornex F. et al. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for stage I and II esophageal cancer: final analysis of randomized controlled phase III trial FFCD 9901. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32 (23) 2416-2422
- 66 Daiko H, Kato K. Updates in the 8th edition of the TNM staging system for esophagus and esophagogastric junction cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2020; 50 (08) 847-851
- 67 Giuliano AE, Edge SB, Hortobagyi GN. Eighth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25 (07) 1783-1785
- 68 Ajani JA, D'Amico TA, Bentrem DJ. et al. Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers, Version 2.2023, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2023; 21 (04) 393-422