Performance of a cost-effective olfactory test to evaluate hyposmia in Parkinson's disease patients

Abstract

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) causes motor and non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, which is evaluated through olfactory tests in the clinical practice.

Objective To assess the feasibility of using the modified Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (mCCCRC) olfactory test and to compare its performance with the Sniffin' Sticks-12 (SS-12, Burghart Messtechnik GmbH, Wedel, Germany) test.

Methods A transversal case-control study in which the patients were divided into the PD group (PDG) and the control group (CG). The cost and difficulty in handling substances to produce the mCCCRC test kits were evaluated. Sociodemographic characteristics, smoking habits, past coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, self-perception of odor sense, and cognition through the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were also evaluated. The PDG was scored by part III of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) and the Hoehn and Yahr Scale (H&Y) scale. Correlations were assessed through the Spearman rank correlation coefficient test (ρ, or rho).

Results The mCCCRC test was easily manufactured and handled at a cost ten times lower compared with the SS-12. The groups (PDG: n = 34; CG: n = 38) were similar in terms of age, sex, level of schooling, smoking habits, and history of COVID-19. The tests results showed moderate correlation (rho = 0.65; p < 0.0001). The CG presented better cognitive performance and scored better in both tests (p < 0.0001). There was a tendency for a negative correlation with age, but good correlation with the MoCA (p = 0.0029). The results of the PDG group showed no correlation with olfactory results and motor performance or disease duration. The self-perception of hyposmia was low in both groups.

Conclusion The mCCCRC is an easy-to-apply and inexpensive method that demonstrated a similar performance to that of the SS-12 in evaluating olfaction in PD patients and healthy controls.

Resumo

Antecedentes A doença de Parkinson (DP) cursa com sintomas motores e não motores como a hiposmia, que é avaliada por diferentes testes olfativos na prática clínica.

Objetivo Avaliar a viabilidade do teste olfatório Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center modificado (mCCCRC) e compará-la à do teste Sniffin' Sticks-12 (SS-12, Burghart Messtechnik GmbH, Wedel, Alemanha).

Métodos Estudo transversal de caso-controle em que os pacientes foram divididos no grupo DP (GDP) e no grupo controle (GC). O custo e as dificuldades no manuseio das substâncias necessárias para a produção dos kits do teste mCCCRC foram avaliados. Características sociodemográficas, tabagismo, histórico de infecção por doença do coronavírus 2019 (coronavírus disease 2019, COVID-19, em inglês), autopercepção do olfato e cognição pelo Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) também foram avaliados. O GDP foi avaliado pela parte III da Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) e pela escala de Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y). As correlações utilizaram o teste do coeficiente de correlação de postos de Spearman (ρ, ou rho).

Resultados O mCCCRC foi facilmente poroduzido e manipulado com custo dez vezes inferior ao do SS-12. Os grupos (GDP: n = 34; GC: n = 38) eram similares em termos de idade, sexo, escolaridade, tabagismo e histórico de COVID-19. Os resultados obtidos em ambos os testes mostraram excelente correlação (rho = 0.65; p < 0.0001). O GC teve um desempenho cognitivo melhor e pontuou melhor nos dois testes (p < 0.0001). Houve uma tendência a uma correlação negativa com a idade, mas boa correlação com a pontuação no MoCA (p = 0.0029). Os resultados olfativos do GDP não mostraram correlação com desempenho motor ou duração da doença. A autopercepção de hiposmia foi baixa em ambos os grupos.

Conclusão O mCCCRC é um teste de fácil aplicação, baixo custo, e apresentou um desempenho semelhante ao do SS-12 na avaliação olfativa de pacientes com DP e controles saudáveis.

Keywords

Olfaction Disorders - Anosmia - Parkinson Disease

Palavras-chave

Transtornos do Olfato - Anosmia - Doença de Parkinson

Authors' Contributions

JFLA: conceptualization or design of the work, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation, and writing of the manuscript; LDS, RTB, and MASDL: writing of the manuscript;; GCM: analysis and interpretation; ALZR: conceptualization or design of the work and writing of the manuscript; RCLF: conceptualization or design of the work, analysis and interpretation, and writing of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript and are responsible for all aspects of the work.

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 05. Januar 2024

Angenommen: 28. März 2024

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
29. Mai 2024

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