Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787759
Age, but not education, affects social decision-making in the ultimatum game paradigm
A idade, mas não a educação, afeta a tomada de decisão social no paradigma do jogo do ultimatoAbstract
Background Social decision-making (SDM) is often studied through gaming paradigms, in which participants allocate resources among themselves and others based on predefined rules. In an adapted version of the ultimatum game (UG), SDM behavior was modulated in response to the degree of fairness of monetary offers and the social context of opponents, designed to generate either prosocial or punishing behaviors.
Objective To investigate whether SDM evaluated by the UG is affected by age and schooling, as it is relevant to know whether sociodemographic variables may bias UG results.
Methods A total of 131 healthy adults participated: 35 young university students and 96 participants in Universidade de São Paulo's USP 60+ program (formerly known as Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade, a program for people aged ≥ 60 years to attend university). The sample was divided into 3 age groups (17–22, 60–69, and 70–79 years) and 3 schooling groups (4–8, 9–11, and ≥ 12 years of schooling).
Results Age and schooling did not affect performance in fair monetary offers. Differences were observed in the unfair conditions. The oldest group (70–79 years) accepted less frequently the baseline unfair offers (without social context), when compared with the 17–22 and the 60–69 years groups (17–22 = 60–69 > 70–79). Regarding the prosocial unfair and punishing unfair conditions, older adults accepted such offers more frequently (17–22 < 60–69 = 70–79). Schooling effects were not observed.
Conclusion In the context of SDM, older adults may show prosocial behaviors more frequently than younger adults. The findings suggest performance in the UG is affected by age, but not by schooling.
Resumo
Antecedentes A tomada de decisão social (TDS) é frequentemente estudada por meio de paradigmas de jogo, em que os participantes alocam recursos entre si e outros com base em regras predefinidas. Em uma versão adaptada do jogo do ultimato (JU), o comportamento de TDS foi modulado em resposta ao grau de justiça das ofertas monetárias e ao contexto social dos oponentes, projetado para produzir comportamentos pró-sociais ou punitivos.
Objetivo Investigar se a TDS avaliada pelo JU é afetada pela idade e escolaridade, pois é relevante saber se variáveis sociodemográficas podem influenciar os resultados do JU.
Métodos Participaram 131 adultos saudáveis, sendo 35 jovens universitários e 96 participantes do programa USP 60+ (antigo Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade). A amostra foi dividida em 3 faixas etárias (17–22, 60–69 e 70–79 anos) e 3 faixas de escolaridade (4–8, 9–11 e ≥ 12 anos).
Resultados Idade e escolaridade não afetaram o desempenho em ofertas monetárias justas. Diferenças foram observadas nas condições injustas. O grupo mais velho (70–79 anos) aceitou menos as ofertas injustas de referência (sem contexto social), quando comparado com o grupo de 17–22 e o de 60–69 anos (17–22 = 60–69 > 70–79). Em relação às condições pró-sociais injustas e punitivas injustas, os idosos aceitaram com maior frequência tais ofertas (17–22 < 60–69 = 70–79). Efeitos da escolaridade não foram observados.
Conclusão No contexto da TDS, os idosos podem apresentar comportamentos pró-sociais com mais frequência do que os adultos mais jovens. Os resultados sugerem que o desempenho no JU é afetado pela idade, mas não pela escolaridade.
Authors' Contributions
LC: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, supervision, validation, writing of the original draft, and writing – review and editing; GCC: investigation, methodology, and writing – review and editing; MAC: data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, and writing – review and editing; MSY: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, supervision, validation, writing of the original draft, and writing – review and editing.
Publication History
Received: 26 July 2023
Accepted: 06 April 2024
Article published online:
02 July 2024
© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
Luciana Cassimiro, Mario Amore Cecchini, Gabriela Cabett Cipolli, Mônica Sanches Yassuda. Age, but not education, affects social decision-making in the ultimatum game paradigm. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2024; 82: s00441787759.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787759
-
References
- 1 Sanfey AG. Social decision-making: insights from game theory and neuroscience. Science 2007; 318 (5850): 598-602 DOI: 10.1126/science.1142996.
- 2 Soto-Perez-de-Celis E, Li D, Yuan Y, Lau YM, Hurria A. Functional versus chronological age: geriatric assessments to guide decision making in older patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19 (06) e305-e316 DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30348-6.
- 3 Terenzi D, Liu L, Bellucci G, Park SQ. Determinants and modulators of human social decisions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128: 383-393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.041.
- 4 Oroz Artigas S, Liu L, Strang S. et al. Enhancement in dopamine reduces generous behaviour in women. PLoS One 2019; 14 (12) e0226893 . Doi: 10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0226893
- 5 Strang S, Gerhardt H, Marsh N. et al. A matter of distance-The effect of oxytocin on social discounting is empathy-dependent. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 78: 229-232 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.031.
- 6 Bellucci G, Camilleri JA, Iyengar V, Eickhoff SB, Krueger F. The emerging neuroscience of social punishment: Meta-analytic evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113 (113) 426-439 . Doi: 10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2020.04.011
- 7 Sofer C, Dotsch R, Wigboldus DH, Todorov A. What is typical is good: the influence of face typicality on perceived trustworthiness. Psychol Sci 2015; 26 (01) 39-47 DOI: 10.1177/0956797614554955.
- 8 Bellucci G, Hahn T, Deshpande G, Krueger F. Functional connectivity of specific resting-state networks predicts trust and reciprocity in the trust game. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2019; 19 (01) 165-176 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00654-3.
- 9 Bellucci G, Molter F, Park SQ. Neural representations of honesty predict future trust behavior. Nat Commun 2019; 10 (01) 5184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13261-8.
- 10 Güth W, Schmittberger R, Schwarze B. An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. J Econ Behav Organ 1982; 3 (04) 367-388
- 11 Feng C, Luo YJ, Krueger F. Neural signatures of fairness-related normative decision making in the ultimatum game: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36 (02) 591-602 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22649.
- 12 Zinchenko O, Arsalidou M. Brain responses to social norms: Meta-analyses of fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39 (02) 955-970 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23895.
- 13 Hinterbuchinger B, Kaltenboeck A, Baumgartner JS, Mossaheb N, Friedrich F. Do patients with different psychiatric disorders show altered social decision-making? A systematic review of ultimatum game experiments in clinical populations. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2018; 23 (03) 117-141 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2018.1453791.
- 14 Castelli I, Massaro D, Bicchieri C, Chavez A, Marchetti A. Fairness norms and theory of mind in an ultimatum game: judgments, offers, and decisions in school-aged children. PLoS One 2014; 9 (08) e105024 . Doi: 10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0105024
- 15 Vavra P. J van Baar, A G Sanfey The neural basis of fairness. In: Interdisciplinary perspectives on fairness, equity, and justice 2017: 9-31 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58993-0_2
- 16 Vavra P, Chang LJ, Sanfey AG. Expectations in the Ultimatum Game: distinct effects of mean and variance of expected offers. Front Psychol 2018; 9: 992 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00992.
- 17 O'Callaghan C, Bertoux M, Irish M. et al. Fair play: social norm compliance failures in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2016; 139 (Pt 1): 204-216 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv315.
- 18 Gradin VB, Pérez A, MacFarlane JA. et al. Abnormal brain responses to social fairness in depression: an fMRI study using the Ultimatum Game. Psychol Med 2015; 45 (06) 1241-1251 DOI: 10.1017/S0033291714002347.
- 19 Jin Y, Gao Q, Wang Y, Xiao L, Wu MS, Zhou Y. The perception-behavior dissociation in the ultimatum game in unmedicated patients with major depressive disorders. J Psychopathol Clin Sci 2022; 131 (03) 253-264 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000747.
- 20 Lois G, Schneider EE, Kaurin A, Wessa M. Altered neural responses to social fairness in bipolar disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28: 102487 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102487.
- 21 Ryu V, Ha RY, Cho HS. Altered behavioral and electrophysiological responses to social fairness in manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Brain Behav 2021; 11 (08) e2289 . Doi: 10.1002%2Fbrb3.2289
- 22 Yang L, Li P, Mao H. et al. Theory of mind deficits partly mediate impaired social decision-making in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17 (01) 168 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1313-3.
- 23 Horat SK, Prévot A, Richiardi J. et al. Differences in social decision-making between proposers and responders during the ultimatum game: an eeg study. Front Integr Nuerosci 2017; 11: 13 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00013.
- 24 Si Y, Jiang L, Tao Q. et al. Predicting individual decision-making responses based on the functional connectivity of resting-state EEG. J Neural Eng 2019; 16 (06) 066025 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab39ce.
- 25 Bailey PE, Ruffman T, Rendell PG. Age-related differences in social economic decision making: the ultimatum game. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2013; 68 (03) 356-363 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbs073.
- 26 Girardi A, Sala SD, MacPherson SE. Theory of mind and the Ultimatum Game in healthy adult aging. Exp Aging Res 2018; 44 (03) 246-257 DOI: 10.1080/0361073X.2018.1449590.
- 27 Fernandes C, Gonçalves AR, Pasion R. et al. Age-related changes in social decision-making: An electrophysiological analysis of unfairness evaluation in the Ultimatum Game. Neurosci Lett 2019; 692: 122-126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.061.
- 28 Davis C, Fox J, Patte K. et al. Education level moderates learning on two versions of the Iowa Gambling Task. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2008; 14 (06) 1063-1068 DOI: 10.1017/S1355617708081204. PMID: 18954486
- 29 Cassimiro L, Fuentes D, Nitrini R, Yassuda MS. Decision-making in cognitively unimpaired illiterate and low-educated older women: results on the Iowa Gambling Task. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32 (01) 71-80 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw080.
- 30 Kim NR, Lee KH. The effect of internal locus of control on career adaptability: The mediating role of career decision-making self-efficacy and occupational engagement. J Employ Couns 2018; 55 (01) 2-15 DOI: 10.1002/joec.12069.
- 31 Brucki SM, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Bertolucci PH, Okamoto IH. [Suggestions for utilization of the mini-mental state examination in Brazil]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2003; 61 (3B): 777-781 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2003000500014.
- 32 Amaral-Carvalho V, Caramelli P. Normative data for healthy middle-aged and elderly performance on the Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination-Revised. Cogn Behav Neurol 2012; 25 (02) 72-76 DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e318259594b.
- 33 Pais-Ribeiro J, Silva I, Ferreira T, Martins A, Meneses R, Baltar M. Validation study of a Portuguese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Psychol Health Med 2007; 12 (02) 225-235 , quiz 235–237 DOI: 10.1080/13548500500524088.
- 34 Sanfey AG, Stallen M, Chang LJ. Norms and expectations in social decision-making. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18 (04) 172-174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.01.011.
- 35 Hultman C, Tjernström N, Vadlin S. et al. Exploring decision-making strategies in the Iowa gambling task and rat gambling task. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16: 964348 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.964348.
- 36 Rosi A, Nola M, Lecce S, Cavallini E. Prosocial behavior in aging: which factors can explain age-related differences in social-economic decision making?. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31 (12) 1747-1757 DOI: 10.1017/S1041610219000061.
- 37 Nguyen CM, Koenigs M, Yamada TH. et al. Trustworthiness and negative affect predict economic decision making. J Cogn Psychol 2011; 23 (06) 748-759 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2011.575773.
- 38 Roalf DR, Mitchell SH, Harbaugh WT, Janowsky JS. Risk, reward, and economic decision making in aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2012; 67 (03) 289-298 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbr099.
- 39 Beadle JN, Tranel D, Cohen NJ, Duff MC. Empathy in hippocampal amnesia. Front Psychol 2013; 4: 69 . Doi: 10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00069
- 40 Isaacowitz DM, Blanchard-Fields F. Linking process and outcome in the study of emotion and aging. Perspect Psychol Sci 2012; 7 (01) 3-17 . Doi: 10.1177%2F1745691611424750