Abstract
Background Large defects of the lower lip often require free tissue coverage. Fasciocutaneous
free flaps have been traditionally used, but innervated muscular free flaps may fundamentally
address orbicularis oris deficiency and improve dynamic competence. This review aimed
to determine if innervated muscular free flaps provided benefit over fasciocutaneous
free flaps for reconstruction of defects of more than 50% of the lower lip. Outcomes
of interest included functional oral outcomes including oral competence, aesthetic
outcomes, and patient-reported outcome measures.
Methods Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and CENTRAL) were searched
for variations of “lip” and “free flap.” Two authors screened articles and included
primary research of free flap reconstruction of more than 50% of the lower lip from
any etiology in living humans with an English full-text available. Composite bony
flaps were excluded. Oral competence and aesthetic satisfaction, reconstruction details,
and complications were extracted. Proportional meta-analyses were used to synthesize
results for fasciocutaneous free flaps, which were compared with those for muscular
free flaps.
Results Fifty-nine articles describing 242 patients were included. Muscular free flaps reported
significantly higher proportional oral competence than fasciocutaneous free flaps
(98 vs. 83%, p = 0.01). Aesthetic outcomes (98 vs. 97%, p = 0.22) and complications (17 vs. 18%, p = 0.79) were equivalent between fasciocutaneous and muscular free flaps.
Conclusion Muscular free flaps may address the fundamental orbicularis oris defect that causes
oral incompetence and seem to provide better functional results. Aesthetic outcomes
and complications seem to be equivalent.
Keywords
lower lip - free flap - reconstruction - cancer - trauma
