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CC BY 4.0 · Glob Med Genet 2024; 11(04): 330-343
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1790230
Review Article

Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of FGFR Gene-Altered Solid Tumors

Chunwei Xu   #
1   Department of Scientific Research, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Bin Lian   #
3   Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Juanjuan Ou   #
4   Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
,
Qian Wang   #
5   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Wenxian Wang   #
6   Department of Chemotherapy, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Ke Wang   #
7   National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
8   Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Dong Wang   #
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Zhengbo Song
6   Department of Chemotherapy, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Aijun Liu
9   Senior Department of Pathology, the 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Jinpu Yu
10   Department of Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
,
Wenzhao Zhong
11   Department of Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guangzhou Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Zhijie Wang
12   State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Yongchang Zhang
13   Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Unit, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
,
Jingjing Liu
14   Department of Thoracic Cancer, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
,
Shirong Zhang
15   Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Xiuyu Cai
16   Department of VIP Inpatient, Sun Yet-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Anwen Liu
17   Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
,
Wen Li
18   Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Lili Mao
3   Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Ping Zhan
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Hongbing Liu
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Tangfeng Lv
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Liyun Miao
19   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Lingfeng Min
20   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Yu Chen
21   Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital and Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
,
Jingping Yuan
22   Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
,
Feng Wang
23   Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Center of PLA, Qinhuai Medical Area, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Zhansheng Jiang
24   Derpartment of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
,
Gen Lin
21   Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital and Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
,
Long Huang
17   Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
,
Xingxiang Pu
25   Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
,
Rongbo Lin
21   Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital and Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
,
Weifeng Liu
26   Department of Orthopaedic Oncology Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Chuangzhou Rao
27   Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Hwamei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Dongqing Lv
28   Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Zongyang Yu
29   Department of Respiratory Medicine, the 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team (the Former Fuzhou General Hospital), Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
,
Xiaoyan Li
30   Department of Oncology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Chuanhao Tang
31   Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Chengzhi Zhou
32   Department of State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University), Guangzhou Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Junping Zhang
33   Department of Thoracic Oncology, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
,
Junli Xue
34   Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Hui Guo
35   Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
,
Qian Chu
36   Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
,
Rui Meng
37   Department of Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei, People's Republic of China
,
Jingxun Wu
38   Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
,
Rui Zhang
39   Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
,
Jin Zhou
40   Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
,
Zhengfei Zhu
41   Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Yongheng Li
42   Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Hong Qiu
36   Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
,
Fan Xia
41   Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Yuanyuan Lu
43   Department of State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
,
Xiaofeng Chen
44   Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Rui Ge
45   Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Enyong Dai
46   Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
,
Yu Han
47   Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
,
Weiwei Pan
48   Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Fei Pang
49   Department of Medical, Shanghai OrigiMed Co, Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Jintao Huang
49   Department of Medical, Shanghai OrigiMed Co, Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Kai Wang
49   Department of Medical, Shanghai OrigiMed Co, Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Fan Wu
50   Department of Medical, Menarini Silicon Biosystems Spa, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Bingwei Xu
51   Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
,
Liping Wang
52   Department of Oncology, Baotou Cancer Hospital, Baotou Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
,
Youcai Zhu
53   Department of Thoracic Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Li Lin
31   Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Yanru Xie
54   Department of Oncology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Xinqing Lin
32   Department of State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University), Guangzhou Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Jing Cai
17   Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
,
Ling Xu
55   Department of Interventional Pulmonary Diseases, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
,
Jisheng Li
56   Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
,
Xiaodong Jiao
57   Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Kainan Li
58   Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
,
Jia Wei
59   Department of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Huijing Feng
33   Department of Thoracic Oncology, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
,
Lin Wang
60   Department of Pathology, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
,
Yingying Du
61   Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
,
Wang Yao
62   Department of Interventional Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Xuefei Shi
63   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Xiaomin Niu
64   Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Dongmei Yuan
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Yanwen Yao
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Jianhui Huang
54   Department of Oncology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Yue Feng
65   Department of Gynecologic Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Yinbin Zhang
66   Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
,
Pingli Sun
67   Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
,
Hong Wang
68   Senior Department of Oncology, The 5th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Mingxiang Ye
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Zhaofeng Wang
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Yue Hao
6   Department of Chemotherapy, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Zhen Wang
69   Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Bin Wan
70   Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Donglai Lv
71   Department of Clinical Oncology, the 901 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People Liberation Army, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
,
Zhanqiang Zhai
53   Department of Thoracic Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Shengjie Yang
72   Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Chuxiong, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
,
Jing Kang
11   Department of Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guangzhou Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Jiatao Zhang
11   Department of Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guangzhou Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Chao Zhang
11   Department of Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guangzhou Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Lin Shi
73   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Yina Wang
74   Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Bihui Li
75   Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
,
Zhang Zhang
76   Department of International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Zhongwu Li
77   Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Zhefeng Liu
68   Senior Department of Oncology, The 5th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Nong Yang
13   Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Unit, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
,
Lin Wu
25   Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
,
Huijuan Wang
78   Department of Internal Medicine, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, , People's Republic of China
,
Gu Jin
79   Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Guansong Wang
80   Department of Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
,
Jiandong Wang
81   Department of Pathology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Meiyu Fang
6   Department of Chemotherapy, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Yong Fang
82   Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Yuan Li
83   Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Xiaojia Wang
6   Department of Chemotherapy, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Jing Chen
37   Department of Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei, People's Republic of China
,
Yiping Zhang
6   Department of Chemotherapy, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Xixu Zhu
69   Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Yi Shen
84   Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
,
Shenglin Ma
85   Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
,
Biyun Wang
86   Department of Breast Cancer and Urological Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Lu Si
3   Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
,
Yuanzhi Lu
87   Department of Clinical Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Ziming Li
64   Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
,
Wenfeng Fang
88   Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
,
Yong Song
2   Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Abstract

The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is a crucial receptor tyrosine kinase involved in essential biological processes, including growth, development, and tissue repair. However, FGFR gene mutations, including amplification, fusion, and mutation, can disrupt epigenetics, transcriptional regulation, and tumor microenvironment interactions, leading to cancer development. Targeting these kinase mutations with small molecule drugs or antibodies has shown clinical benefits. For example, erdafitinib is approved for treating locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer patients with FGFR2/FGFR3 mutations, and pemigatinib is approved for treating cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusion/rearrangement. Effective screening of FGFR variant patients is crucial for the clinical application of FGFR inhibitors. Various detection methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, are available, and their selection should be based on diagnostic and treatment decision-making needs. Our developed expert consensus aims to standardize the diagnosis and treatment process for FGFR gene mutations and facilitate the practical application of FGFR inhibitors in clinical practice.

Keywords

solid tumors - tyrosine receptor kinase - precision medicine - targeted therapy

Author Contributions

Y.L., W.F., Z.L., and Y.S. participated in the design of the expert consensus. C.X., B.L., J.O., Q.W., W.W., K.W., and D.W. conceived of the expert consensus and participated in its design and other authors coordination and helped to draft the expert consensus. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


# These authors contributed equally.




Publication History

Article published online:
16 September 2024

© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

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