Subscribe to RSS

DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1795134
Therapy Options in the Management of Brain Abscess. Literature Review
Opções de terapia no tratamento de abscesso cerebral. Revisão da literatura
Abstract
Introduction Despite the advancements in modern neurosurgical techniques, new antibiotics, neuroimaging technologies, anesthesia practices, and microbial isolation methods, cerebral abscess remains a potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system. Its treatment remains controversial to this day. The combination of clinical and surgical interventions has been widely accepted, yielding satisfactory outcomes.
Methods The literature review process primarily relied on data obtained from the Pubmed database, Bireme (Lilacs, Medline, Scielo, Medicaribe, Cochrane). Key search terms included: central nervous system infection, cerebral abscess, and treatment. After a thorough selection analysis, 103 articles covering the period from 1980 to 2023 were included in this work.
Results The ideal treatment is surgical; however, clinical treatment has been employed in selected cases. Simple aspiration, stereotactic-guided aspiration, and endoscopy have been performed with efficient results. The outcomes of clinical or surgical treatment depend on factors such as the patient's age, neurological status, microbial isolation, primary cause of the abscess, number of infectious foci, location, and stage of abscess development. Corticosteroids have been recommended for cases of vasogenic cerebral edema, while anticonvulsants are indicated for supratentorial abscesses.
Conclusion The combination of aspiration or excision, tailored to the specific cause, number, location, and developmental stage, and intravenous antibiotics has consistently yielded satisfactory results.
Resumo
Introdução Apesar do advento de modernas técnicas neurocirúrgicas, novos antibióticos, das tecnologias em neuroimagens, avanços no campo da anestesia, novas técnicas de isolamento de microorganismos, o abscesso cerebral permanece como uma infecção potencialmente fatal do sistema nervoso central. Seu tratamento é ainda hoje controverso. A combinação do tratamento clínico e cirúrgico tem sido largamente aceita e com resultados satisfatórios.
Métodos O processo de revisão da literatura baseou-se principalmente em dados obtidos da Pubmed database, Bireme (Lilacs, Medline, Scielo, Medicaribe, Cochrane). Para as buscas foram usadas as palavras-chave: infecção do sistema nervoso central, abscesso cerebral, tratamento. Ao final da análise de seleção, obtiveram-se um total de 103 artigos que compuseram essa obra, com um recorte temporal de 1980 a 2023.
Resultados O tratamento ideal é cirúrgico, porém, o tratamento clínico é realizado em casos selecionados. A aspiração simples, aspiração guiada por estereotaxia e endoscopia são realizadas com resultados eficientes. Os resultados do tratamento clínico ou cirúrgico, vão depender da idade, estado neurológico do paciente, isolamento do microorganismo, causa primária do abscesso, número de focos infecciosos, localização e fase de evolução do abscesso. Corticosteróides é indicado em casos de edema cerebral vasogênico. Anticonvulsivante nos casos de abscesso supratentorial.
Conclusão A combinação de aspiração ou excisão conforme sua causa, número, localização e fase de evolução, associado com antibióticos por via venosa tem apresentado resultados satisfatórios.
Publication History
Received: 13 December 2023
Accepted: 18 October 2024
Article published online:
11 December 2024
© 2024. Sociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
-
References
- 1 Corsini Campioli C, Castillo Almeida NE, O'Horo JC. et al. Bacterial brain abscess: An outline for diagnosis and management. Am J Med 2021; 134 (10) 1210-1217.e2
- 2 Brook I. Microbiology and treatment of brain abscess. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 38: 8-12
- 3 Brouwer MC, Coutinho JM, van de Beek D. Clinical characteristics and outcome of brain abscess: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2014; 82 (09) 806-813
- 4 Kural C, Kırmızıgoz S, Ezgu MC, Bedir O, Kutlay M, Izci Y. Intracranial infections: lessons learned from 52 surgically treated cases. Neurosurg Focus 2019; 47 (02) E10
- 5 Ali BHS, Ahmed ADS, Elzain MA, Abdelradi FEM. Brain abscess surgery outcome: A co0mparison between craniotomy with membrane excision versus burr hole aspiration. Open J Mod Neurosurg 2023; 13: 74-93
- 6 Longatti P, Perin A, Ettorre F, Fiorindi A, Baratto V. Endoscopic treatment of brain abscesses. Childs Nerv Syst 2006; 22 (11) 1447-1450
- 7 Lange N, Berndt M, Jörger AK. et al. Clinical characteristics and course of primary brain abscess. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018; 160 (10) 2055-2062
- 8 Xiao F, Tseng MY, Teng LJ, Tseng HM, Tsai JC. Brain abscess: clinical experience and analysis of prognostic factors. Surg Neurol 2005; 63 (05) 442-449 , discussion 449–450
- 9 Bernardini GL. Diagnosis and management of brain abscess and subdural empyema. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004; 4 (06) 448-456
- 10 Lu CH, Chang WN, Lui CC. Strategies for the management of bacterial brain abscess. J Clin Neurosci 2006; 13 (10) 979-985
- 11 Kastrup O, Wanke I, Maschke M. Neuroimaging of infections. NeuroRx 2005; 2 (02) 324-332
- 12 Hellwig D, Bauer BL, Dauch WA. Endoscopic stereotactic treatment of brain abscesses. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1994; 61: 102-105
- 13 Hall WA, Truwit CL. The surgical management of infections involving the cerebrum. Neurosurgery 2008; 62 (Suppl. 02) 519-530 , discussion 530–531
- 14 Carpenter J, Stapleton S, Holliman R. Retrospective analysis of 49 cases of brain abscess and review of the literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26 (01) 1-11
- 15 Bodilsen J, Brouwer MC, Nielsen H, Van De Beek D. Anti-infective treatment of brain abscess. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16 (07) 565-578
- 16 Tehli GY, Kirmizigoz S, Durmaz MO, Ezgu MC, Tehli O. Risk factors and surgical treatment options for intracranial infections. Turk Neurosurg 2023; 33 (02) 308-317
- 17 Nguyen I, Urbanczyk K, Mtui E, Li S. Intracranial CNS infections: A literature review and radiology case studies. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2020; 41 (01) 106-120
- 18 Zhang C, Liuhua H. et al. GH XW. A retrospective study on the aetiology, management, and outcome of brain abscess in an 11-year, single-centre study from China. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14 (311) 1-7
- 19 Erdoğan E, Cansever T. Pyogenic brain abscess. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24 (06) E2
- 20 Hakan T. Management of bacterial brain abscesses. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24 (06) E4
- 21 Mampalam TJ, Rosenblum ML. Trends in the management of bacterial brain abscesses: a review of 102 cases over 17 years. Neurosurgery 1988; 23 (04) 451-458
- 22 Sharma BS, Gupta SK, Khosla VK. Current concepts in the management of pyogenic brain abscess. Neurol India 2000; 48 (02) 105-111
- 23 Stephanov S. Surgical treatment of brain abscess. Neurosurgery 1988; 22 (04) 724-730
- 24 Tseng JH, Tseng MY. Brain abscess in 142 patients: factors influencing outcome and mortality. Surg Neurol 2006; 65 (06) 557-562 , discussion 562
- 25 Suzer T, Coskun E, Cirak B, Yagci B, Tahta K. Brain stem abscesses in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 2005; 21 (01) 27-31
- 26 Boviatsis EJ, Kouyialis AT, Stranjalis G, Korfias S, Sakas DE. CT-guided stereotactic aspiration of brain abscesses. Neurosurg Rev 2003; 26 (03) 206-209
- 27 Kamikawa S, Inui A, Miyake S. et al. Neuroendoscopic surgery for brain abscess. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 1997; 1 (04) 121-122
- 28 Bhand AA. Brain abscess–diagnosis and management. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2004; 14 (07) 407-410
- 29 Ortega-Martínez M, Cabezudo JM, Fernández-Portales I. et al. [Pyogenic brain abscesses: experience with 60 consecutive cases]. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2006; 17 (01) 23-33 , discussion 33
- 30 Nakajima H, Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Kishi H. Successful treatment of brainstem abscess with stereotactic aspiration. Surg Neurol 1999; 52 (05) 445-448
- 31 Fritsch M, Manwaring KH. Endoscopic treatment of brain abscess in children. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 1997; 40 (03) 103-106
- 32 Gajdhar M, Yadav YR. A case of thalamic abscess treated by endoscopic surgery. Neurol India 2005; 53 (03) 345-346
- 33 Hellwig D, Benes L, Bertalanffy H, Bauer BL. Endoscopic stereotaxy–an eight year's experience. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1997; 68 (1-4 Pt 1): 90-97
- 34 Menon S, Bharadwaj R, Chowdhary A, Kaundinya DV, Palande DA. Current epidemiology of intracranial abscesses: a prospective 5 year study. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57 (Pt 10): 1259-1268
- 35 Heineman HS, Braude AI, Osterholm JL. Intracranial suppurative disease. Early presumptive diagnosis and successful treatment without surgery. JAMA 1971; 218 (10) 1542-1547
- 36 Radoi M, Ciubotaru V, Tataranu L. Brain abscesses: clinical experience and outcome of 52 consecutive cases. Chirurgia (Bucur) 2013; 108 (02) 215-225
- 37 Lee HS, Kim JH, Kim YH, Lee S. Surgically treated community-acquired brain abscess: bacteriological analysis based on predisposing infections. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71 (03) 191-196
- 38 Amornpojnimman T, Korathanakhun P. Predictors of clinical outcomes among patients with brain abscess in Thailand. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 53: 135-139
- 39 Ciurea AV, Stoica F, Vasilescu G, Nuteanu L. Neurosurgical management of brain abscesses in children. Childs Nerv Syst 1999; 15 (6-7): 309-317
- 40 Kao PT, Tseng HK, Liu CP, Su SC, Lee CM. Brain abscess: clinical analysis of 53 cases. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2003; 36 (02) 129-136
- 41 Kastenbauer S, Pfister HW, Wispelwey B, Scheld WM. Brain abscess. In: Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Marra CM. (eds): Infections of the Central Nervous System, ed 3. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2004: 479-507
- 42 Kocherry XG, Hegde T, Sastry KVR, Mohanty A. Efficacy of stereotactic aspiration in deep-seated and eloquent-region intracranial pyogenic abscesses. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24 (06) E13
- 43 Liston TE, Tomasovic JJ, Stevens EA. Early diagnosis and management of cerebritis in a child. Pediatrics 1980; 65 (03) 484-486
- 44 Mamelak AN, Mampalam TJ, Obana WG, Rosenblum ML. Improved management of multiple brain abscesses: a combined surgical and medical approach. Neurosurgery 1995; 36 (01) 76-85 , discussion 85–86
- 45 Rosenblum ML, Hoff JT, Norman D, Edwards MS, Berg BO. Nonoperative treatment of brain abscesses in selected high-risk patients. J Neurosurg 1980; 52 (02) 217-225
- 46 Wong TT, Lee LS, Wang HS. et al. Brain abscesses in children–a cooperative study of 83 cases. Childs Nerv Syst 1989; 5 (01) 19-24
- 47 Obana WG, Rosenblum ML. Nonoperative treatment of neurosurgical infections. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1992; 3 (02) 359-373
- 48 Sonneville R, Ruimy R, Benzonana N. et al; ESCMID Study Group for Infectious Diseases of the Brain (ESGIB). An update on bacterial brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23 (09) 614-620
- 49 Honda H, Warren DK. Central nervous system infections: meningitis and brain abscess. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23 (03) 609-623
- 50 Chow F. Brain and spinal epidural abscess. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018; 24 (5, Neuroinfectious Disease): 1327-1348
- 51 Jansson AK, Enblad P, Sjölin J. Efficacy and safety of cefotaxime in combination with metronidazole for empirical treatment of brain abscess in clinical practice: a retrospective study of 66 consecutive cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23 (01) 7-14
- 52 Calfee DP, Wispelwey B. Brain abscess. Semin Neurol 2000; 20 (03) 353-360
- 53 Frazier JL, Ahn ES, Jallo GI. Management of brain abscesses in children. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24 (06) E8
- 54 Moorthy RK, Rajshekhar V. Management of brain abscess: an overview. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24 (06) E3
- 55 Osenbach RK, Loftus CM. Diagnosis and management of brain abscess. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1992; 3 (02) 403-420
- 56 Yang KY, Chang WN, Ho JT, Wang HC, Lu CH. Postneurosurgical nosocomial bacterial brain abscess in adults. Infection 2006; 34 (05) 247-251
- 57 Jamjoom AB. Short course antimicrobial therapy in intracranial abscess. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996; 138 (07) 835-839
- 58 Neidert MC, Karlin K, Actor B, Regli L, Bozinov O, Burkhardt JK. Preoperative C-reactive protein predicts the need for repeated intracerebral brain abscess drainage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2015; 131: 26-30
- 59 Rosenblum ML, Mampalam TJ, Pons VG. Controversies in the management of brain abscesses. Clin Neurosurg 1986; 33: 603-632
- 60 Tekkök IH, Erbengi A. Management of brain abscess in children: review of 130 cases over a period of 21 years. Childs Nerv Syst 1992; 8 (07) 411-416
- 61 Quartey GR, Johnston JA, Rozdilsky B. Decadron in the treatment of cerebral abscess. An experimental study. J Neurosurg 1976; 45 (03) 301-310
- 62 Mathisen GE, Johnson JP. Brain abscess. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25 (04) 763-779 , quiz 780–781
- 63 Su TM, Lan CM, Tsai YD, Lee TC, Lu CH, Chang WN. Multiloculated pyogenic brain abscess: experience in 25 patients. Neurosurgery 2003; 52 (05) 1075-1079 , discussion 1079–1080
- 64 Legg NJ, Gupta PC, Scott DF. Epilepsy following cerebral abscess. A clinical and EEG study of 70 patients. Brain 1973; 96 (02) 259-268
- 65 King JEJ. The treatment of the brain abscess by unroofing and temporary herniation of abscess cavity with avoidance of unusual drainage methods, with notes on the management of hernia cerebral general. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1924; 39: 554-568
- 66 Dandy WE. Treatment of chronic abscesses of the brain by tapping. Preliminary note. JAMA 1926; 87: 1477-1487
- 67 Sargent P. Remarks on DRAINAGE OF BRAIN ABSCESS. BMJ 1928; 2 (3543): 971-972
- 68 Vincent C. Su rune méthode de traitment des abcès subaigus des hémisphères cérèbraux: large decompression, puis ablation en masse sans drainage. Gaz Med Fr 1936; 43: 93-96
- 69 Ratnaike TE, Das S, Gregson BA, Mendelow AD. A review of brain abscess surgical treatment–78 years: aspiration versus excision. World Neurosurg 2011; 76 (05) 431-436
- 70 Auvichayapat N, Auvichayapat P, Aungwarawong S. Brain abscess in infants and children: a retrospective study of 107 patients in northeast Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 2007; 90 (08) 1601-1607
- 71 Sheehan JP, Jane Jr JA, Ray DK, Goodkin HP. Brain abscess in children. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24 (06) E6
- 72 Miller ES, Dias PS, Uttley D. CT scanning in the management of intracranial abscess: a review of 100 cases. Br J Neurosurg 1988; 2 (04) 439-446
- 73 Prasad KN, Mishra AM, Gupta D, Husain N, Husain M, Gupta RK. Analysis of microbial etiology and mortality in patients with brain abscess. J Infect 2006; 53 (04) 221-227
- 74 Barlas O, Sencer A, Erkan K, Eraksoy H, Sencer S, Bayindir C. Stereotactic surgery in the management of brain abscess. Surg Neurol 1999; 52 (04) 404-410 , discussion 411
- 75 Kutlay M, Colak A, Yildiz S, Demircan N, Akin ON. Stereotactic aspiration and antibiotic treatment combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of bacterial brain abscesses. Neurosurgery 2005; 57 (06) 1140-1146 , discussion 1140–1146
- 76 Dyste GN, Hitchon PW, Menezes AH, VanGilder JC, Greene GM. Stereotaxic surgery in the treatment of multiple brain abscesses. J Neurosurg 1988; 69 (02) 188-194
- 77 Kondziolka D, Duma CM, Lunsford LD. Factors that enhance the likelihood of successful stereotactic treatment of brain abscesses. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 127 (1-2): 85-90
- 78 Fuentes S, Bouillot P, Regis J, Lena G, Choux M. Management of brain stem abscess. Br J Neurosurg 2001; 15 (01) 57-62
- 79 Nauta HJ, Contreras FL, Weiner RL, Crofford MJ. Brain stem abscess managed with computed tomography-guided stereotactic aspiration. Neurosurgery 1987; 20 (03) 476-480
- 80 Imai H, Ono N, Zama A, Tamura M. Diagnosis and treatment of brainstem abscess using magnetic resonance imaging and microsurgical aspiration–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1995; 35 (03) 160-164
- 81 Kashiwagi S, Abiko S, Aoki H. Brainstem abscess. Surg Neurol 1987; 28 (01) 63-66
- 82 Lunsford LD. Stereotactic drainage of brain abscesses. J Neurosurg 1989; 71 (01) 154
- 83 Ebeling U, Hasdemir MG. Stereotactic guided microsurgery of cerebral lesions. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 1995; 38 (01) 10-15
- 84 Wang HS, Kuo MF, Huang SC. Medical cure of a brainstem abscess and serial brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Dev Med Child Neurol 1992; 34 (10) 911-915
- 85 Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ. Successful stereotactic management of a large cardiogenic brain stem abscess. Neurosurgery 1994; 34 (02) 368-371 , discussion 371
- 86 Skrap M, Melatini A, Vassallo A, Sidoti C. Stereotactic aspiration and drainage of brain abscesses. Experience with 9 cases. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 1996; 39 (04) 108-112
- 87 Stapleton SR, Bell BA, Uttley D. Stereotactic aspiration of brain abscesses: is this the treatment of choice?. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993; 121 (1-2): 15-19
- 88 Höhne J, Brawanski A, Schebesch KM. Fluorescence-guided surgery of brain abscesses. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017; 155: 36-39
- 89 Kalbarczyk A, Krauss JK, Seiler RW. Endoscopic stereotactic surgery for intraventricular loculated empyema: case report. Surg Neurol 1999; 52 (04) 412-417
- 90 Agrawal D, Suri A, Mahapatra AK. Primary excision of pediatric posterior fossa abscesses–towards zero mortality? A series of nine cases and review. Pediatr Neurosurg 2003; 38 (02) 63-67
- 91 Pereira CU, Silva AD, Leão JDBC. Abscesso cerebral pós-traumático. Considerações sobre nove casos. J Bras Neurocir 2001; 12: 122-125
- 92 Pandey P, Umesh S, Bhat D. et al. Cerebellar abscesses in children: excision or aspiration?. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2008; 1 (01) 31-34
- 93 Shaw MD, Russell JA. Cerebellar abscess. A review of 47 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975; 38 (05) 429-435
- 94 Abdullah J. Clinical presentation and outcome of brain abscess over the last 6 years in community based neurological service. J Clin Neurosci 2001; 8 (01) 18-22
- 95 Cohen BS, Belser EH, Keeler SP, Yabsley MJ, Miller KV. A headache from our past? Intracranial abscess disease, virulence factors of Trueperella pyogenes, and a legacy of translocating while-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianes). J Wildl Dis 2018; 54 (04) 671-679
- 96 Bhatia R, Tandon PN, Banerji AK. Brain abscess–an analysis of 55 cases. Int Surg 1973; 58 (08) 565-568
- 97 Black P, Graybill JR, Charache P. Penetration of brain abscess by systemically administered antibiotics. J Neurosurg 1973; 38 (06) 705-709
- 98 Samson DS, Clark K. A current review of brain abscess. Am J Med 1973; 54 (02) 201-210
- 99 Lee TH, Chang WN, Su TM. et al. Clinical features and predictive factors of intraventricular rupture in patients who have bacterial brain abscesses. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78 (03) 303-309
- 100 Isono M, Wakabayashi Y, Nakano T, Fujiki M, Mori T, Hori S. Treatment of brain abscess associated with ventricular rupture–three case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1997; 37 (08) 630-636
- 101 Zeidman SM, Geisler FH, Olivi A. Intraventricular rupture of a purulent brain abscess: case report. Neurosurgery 1995; 36 (01) 189-193 , discussion 193
- 102 Pereira CU, Santos EAS. Ruptura intraventricular de abscesso cerebral. Relato de caso. Braz Neurosurg 2005; 24 (04) 1163-1165
- 103 Yang SY, Zhao CS. Review of 140 patients with brain abscess. Surg Neurol 1993; 39 (04) 290-296