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CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2026; 20(01): 086-095
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1806945
Original Article

Unveiling Gender Characteristics in Pakistan: Forensic Dentistry Insights through Panoramic Radiographs and Morphometrics Analysis

Autor*innen

  • Huma Sarwar

    1   Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat-ul-E bad Khan Institute of Oral Health, Karachi, Pakistan

  • Urooba Mirza

    2   Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat-ul-E bad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan

  • Sarah Mariam Anwar

    2   Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat-ul-E bad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan

  • Meshal Muhammad Naeem

    3   Department of Periodontology, Dr. Ishrat-ul-E bad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan

  • Juzer Shabbir 

    4   Department of Operative Dentistry, Baqai Dental College, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan

  • Tazeen Zehra

    5   Department of Operative Dentistry, Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan

  • Azam Shahzad

    6   Department of Dental Materials, Shahida Islam Dental College, Lodhran, Punjab

  • Muhammad Sohail Zafar 

    7   Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
    8   Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
    9   School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Abstract

Objectives

To validate the use of panoramic radiographs and morphometric parameters in forensic odontology for accurate and efficient gender determination in the specific socio-cultural context of the Pakistani population.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective study was conducted using orthopantomograms from 130 individuals aged between 16 and 30 years, sourced from a radiology department. The study included comprehensive measurements of mandibular indices such as condylar height, coronoid height, and antegonial depth. Measurements were made using Image J software. The indices were analyzed through univariate, multivariate, and best models to assess their effectiveness in gender prediction. Statistical analysis included independent samples t-test, binary logistic regression, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate threshold values, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) for each index.

Statistical Analysis

Independent samples t-test was used to compare the means of indices with gender. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate the likelihood of male gender, and ROC analysis was used to calculate threshold values, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC.

Results

Univariate analysis revealed that most indices, except for the gonial angle, showed significant differences between genders. The multivariate model stated the condylar height and coronoid height as a significant predictor. The best model confirmed condylar height, coronoid height, antegonial depth, and the inferior border of the mental foramen as reliable indices for male gender determination. The ROC demonstrated that the distance from the mean inferior border to the lower border of the mandible had the highest AUC of 82%, indicating strong predictive power.

Conclusion

The study confirmed the effectiveness of specific mandibular measurements in gender determination within the Pakistani population. Condylar height, coronoid height, antegonial depth, and the inferior border of the metal foramen are consistently significant predictors across various models. Further research with a larger population sample is recommended.

Keywords

radiographs - forensic - gender - identification - mandible


Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
23. April 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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