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CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1813033
Original Article

The Impact of Cytokines Expression in Peri-implant Crevicular Fluid Associated with Keratinized Tissue Augmentation via Xenogeneic Collagen Matrix: A Pilot Study

Autor*innen

  • Xin-Rui Zhu

    1   Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
    2   Department of Stomatology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China

  • Ying-Jie Lin

    2   Department of Stomatology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China

  • Chang Chen

    3   Department of Oral Healthcare, Chinese Stomatological Association, Beijing, People's Republic of China

  • Rui-Yong Wang

    2   Department of Stomatology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China

  • Yi Liu

    1   Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding This work was supported by a general program grant from the Beijing Haidian Hospital (no. KYM2025003) and was partially supported by a key program grant from the Beijing Haidian Hospital (no. KYZ2025002).
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Abstract

Objective

The xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM) is widely used for keratinized mucosa augmentation around natural teeth and dental implants due to its consistent efficacy and the advantage of avoiding a second surgical site. However, the shrinkage rate of XCM after surgery exceeds 50%, which is not conducive to accurate preoperative design. This study aimed to investigate factors influencing XCM shrinkage.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen participants with buccal keratinized tissue width (KTW) <2 mm around mandibular single implants underwent XCM-based KTW augmentation. Clinical parameters were recorded, and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was collected preoperatively and at 3-month follow-ups. Twenty cytokines in PICF were assessed using a commercial kit, with Spearman tests evaluating correlations between cytokines, clinical parameters, and shrinkage predictors.

Results

XCM significantly increased KTW from 1.39 ± 0.26 mm to 4.13 ± 1.19 mm at 3 months (p < 0.001), with a shrinkage rate of 60.12 ± 12%. The PICF showed significant decreases in C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), calprotectin (CLP), and keratin type II cytoskeletal 1 (K2C1) (p < 0.05) and a significant increase in osteoprotegerin (OPG) at 3 months (p < 0.05). Preoperative keratinized tissue thickness (KTT) and cathepsin K (CTSK), along with K2C1 at 3 months, correlated with XCM shrinkage.

Conclusion

KTW augmentation alters cytokine expression. Thin preoperative KTT and high CTSK in PICF may predict high postoperative XCM shrinkage.

Clinical Relevance

Gingival phenotype significantly impacts XCM shrinkage after augmentation. PICF cytokine expression could serve as a predictive biomarker.

Trial Registration

The Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, no. ChiCTR2500100933 (last updated on 17/04/2025).

Keywords

peri-implant crevicular fluid - cytokine - dental implant - keratinized tissue augmentation - xenogeneic collagen matrix

Authors' Contributions

Y.L. and R.-Y.W. contributed to research design and manuscript revision; Y.-J.L. collected the data; X.-R.Z. ran the research and prepared the manuscript; C.C. performed statistical analysis.


Ethical Approval

This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Beijing Haidian Hospital (IRB approval number: BHHMEC-XM-2022–21).




Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
19. Januar 2026

© 2026. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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