References
-
1
National Institute of Health.
Consensus conference, November 1990: clinical use of botulinium toxin.
Conn Med.
1991;
55
471-6
-
2
Scott A B.
Botulinum toxin injections into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery.
Ophthalmology.
1980;
87
1044-9
-
3
Simpson L L.
The origin, structure, and pharmacologic activity of botulinium toxin.
Pharmacol Rev.
1981;
33
155-88
-
4
Montecucco C, Schiavo G.
Mechanism of action of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins.
Mol Microbiol.
1994;
13
1-8
-
5
MacKenzie J, Burnstock G, Dolly J O.
The effects of purified botulinum neurotoxin type A on cholinergic, adrenergic and non-adrenergic, atropine-resistant autonomic neuromuscular transmission.
Neurosience.
1982;
7
997-1006
-
6
Bigalke H, Habermann E.
Blockade of tetanus and botulinum A toxin of postganglionic cholinergic nerve endings in the myenteric plexus.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.
1980;
312
255-63
-
7
Wiegand H, Wellhorner H H.
The action of botulinum A neurotoxin on the inhibition by antidromic stimulation of the lumbar monosynaptic reflex.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.
1976;
292
161-5
-
8
Jankovic J, Brin M F.
Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin.
N Engl J Med.
1991;
324
1186-94
-
9
Schwartz K S, Jankovic J.
Predicting the response to botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of cervical dystonia (abstract).
Neurology.
1990;
40
382
-
10
Siatkowski R M, Tyutyunikov A, Biglan A W, et al.
Serum antibody production to botulinum A toxin.
Ophthalmology.
1993;
100
1861-6
-
11
Janssens J, Annese V, Vantrappen G.
Medical treatment of primary esophageal motility disorders.
Minerva Dietal Gastroenterol.
1990;
36
145-55
-
12
Pasricha P J, Ravich W J, Kalloo A N.
Effects of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin on the lower esophageal spincter in piglets.
Gastroenterology.
1993;
105
1045-49
-
13
Pasricha P J, Ravich W J, Hendrix T R, Kalloo A N.
Treatment of achalasia with intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin: a pilot trial.
Ann Intern Med.
1994;
121
590-1
-
14
Pasricha P J, Ravich W J, Hendrix T R, et al.
Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin for the treatment of achalasia.
N Engl J Med.
1995;
332
774-8
-
15
Annese V, Basciani M, Perri F, et al.
Controlled trial of botulinum toxin injection versus placebo and pneumatic dilation in achalasia.
Gastroenterology.
1996;
111
1418-24
-
16
Pasricha P J, Rai R, Ravich W J, et al.
Botulinum toxin for achalasia: long-term outcome and predictors of response.
Gastroenterology.
1996;
110
1410-5
-
17
Cuillière C, Ducrotte P, Zerbib F, et al.
Achalasia: outcome of patients treated with intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin.
Gut.
1997;
41
87-92
-
18
Gordon J M, Eaker E Y.
A prospective study of esophageal botulinum toxin injection in high-risk achalasia patients.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1997;
92
1812-7
-
19
Fishman V M, Parkman H P, Schiano T D, et al.
Symptomatic improvement in achalasia after botulinum toxin injection of the lower esophageal sphincter.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1996;
91
1724-30
-
20
Jin H O, Potter G D, Shah A N, et al.
Effect of intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin on esophageal motility in achalasia (abstract).
Gastroenterology.
1995;
108
A123
-
21
Waterfall W E, Tougas G, Fachnie B, et al.
Clinical and manometric response to botulinum toxin used as a primary treatment for achalasia (abstract).
Gastroenterology.
1995;
108
A255
-
22
Bansal R, Scheiman J M, Barnett J L, et al.
Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin for achalasia (abstract).
Gastroenterology.
1995;
108
A54
-
23
Greaves R R, Mulcahy H E, Patchett P D, et al.
Botulinum toxin in the treatment of achalasia: a promise unfulfilled (abstract).
Gastroenterology.
1996;
110
A123
-
24
Birgisson S, Richter J E.
Long-term outcome of botulinum toxin in the treatment of achalasia (letter).
Gastroenterology.
1996;
111
1162
-
25
Annese V, D'Onofrio V, Andriulli A.
Botulinum toxin in long-term therapy for achalasia (letter).
Ann Intern Med.
1998;
128
696
-
26
Eaker E Y, Gordon J M, Vogel S B.
Untoward effects of esophageal botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of achalasia.
Dig Dis Sci.
1997;
42
724-7
-
27
Vantrappen G, Hellemans J.
Treatment of achalasia and related motor disorders.
Gastroenteroloy.
1980;
79
144-54
-
28
Katz P.
Achalasia: two effective treatment options - let the patient decide.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1994;
89
969-70
-
29
Malthaner R A, Todd T R, Miller L, Pearson F G.
Long-term results in surgically managed esophageal achalasia.
Ann Thorac Surg.
1994;
58
1343-6
-
30
Schwartz H M, Cahow C E, Traube M.
Outcome after perforation sustained during pneumatic dilatation for achalasia.
Dig Dis Sci.
1993;
38
1409-13
-
31
Abid S, Champion G, Richter J E.
Treatment of achalasia: the best of both worlds.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1994;
89
979-85
-
32
Panaccione R, Gregor J C, Reynolds R PE, Preiksaitis H G.
A cost minimization analysis of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in patients with achalasia (abstract).
Gastroenterology.
1997;
112
A250
-
33
Choudry U, Boyce H W.
A prospective study of the efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BTX) in patients with epiphrenic diverticula (abstract).
Am J Gastroenterol.
1996;
91
1885
-
34
Wehrmann T, Kokabpick H, Jacobi V, et al.
Endoskopische Botulinus Toxin Injektion zur Behandlung von “Hochrisiko”-Achalasie-Patienten (abstract).
Z Gastroenterol.
1998;
36
726
-
35
Annese V, Basciani M, Lombardi G, et al.
Perendoscopic injection of botulinum toxin is effective in achalasia after failure of myotomy or pneumatic dilation.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1996;
44
461-5
-
36
Miller L S, Parkman H P, Schiano T D, et al.
Treatment of symptomatic nonachalasia esophageal motility disorders with botulinum toxin injection at the lower esophageal sphincter.
Dig Dis Sci.
1996;
41
2025-31
-
37
Cassidy M J, Schiano T D, Adrian A L, et al.
Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm (abstract).
Am J Gastroenterol.
1996;
91
1884
-
38
Sherman S, Ruffolo T A, Hawes R H, Lehman G A.
Complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy.
Gastroenterology.
1991;
101
1068-75
-
39
Guelrud M, Mendoza S, Viera L, et al.
Somatostatin prevents acute pancreatitis after pancreatic duct sphincter hydrostatic balloon dilation in patients with idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1991;
37
44-7
-
40
Goff J S.
Common bile duct sphincter of Oddi stenting in patients with suspected sphincter dysfunction.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1995;
90
586-9
-
41
Pasricha P J, Miskovsky E P, Kalloo A N.
Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
Gut.
1994;
35
1319-21
-
42
Wehrmann T, Seifert H, Seipp M, et al.
Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin for biliary sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
Endoscopy.
1998;
30
702-7
-
43
Muehldorfer S M, Hahn E G, Ell C.
Botulinum toxin injection as a diagnostic tool for verification of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction causing recurrent pancreatitis.
Endoscopy.
1997;
29
120-4
-
44
Arabi Y, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley M RB.
Anal pressures in hemorrhoids and anal fissure.
Ann J Surg.
1977;
134
608-10
-
45
Notham B J, Schuster M M.
Internal anal sphincter derangement with anal fissure.
Gastroenterology.
1974;
67
216-30
-
46
Gibbons C P, Read N W.
Anal hypertonia in fissures: cause or effect?.
Br J Surg.
1986;
73
443-5
-
47
Mason P F, Watkins M JG, Hall H S, Hall A W.
The management of chronic fissure in ano with botulinum toxin.
J R Coll Surg Edinb.
1996;
41
235-8
-
48
Weaver R M, Ambrose N S, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley M RB.
Manual dilatation of the anus vs. lateral sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic fissure in ano: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1987;
30
420-3
-
49
Maria G, Cassetta E, Daniele G, et al.
A comparison of botulinum toxin and saline for the treatment of chronic anal fissure.
N Engl J Med.
1998;
338
217-20
-
50
Gorfine S R.
Topical nitroglycerin therapy for anal fissure and ulcers.
N Engl J Med.
1995;
333
1156-7
-
51
Watson S J, Kamm M A, Nichols R J, Phillips R KS.
Topical glyceryl trinitrate in the treatment of chronic anal fissure.
Br J Surg.
1996;
83
771-5
-
52
Lund J N, Armitage N C, Scholefield J H.
Use of glyceryl trinitrate ointment in the treatment of anal fissure.
Br J Surg.
1996;
83
776-7
-
53
Klosterhalften B, Vogel P, Rixen H, Mittermayer C.
Topography of the inferior rectal artery: a possible cause of chronic primary anal fissure.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1989;
32
43-52
-
54
Jost W H.
One hundred cases of anal fissure treated with botulinum toxin.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1997;
40
1029-32
-
55
Gui D, Cassetta E, Anastasio G, et al.
Botulinum toxin for chronic anal fissure.
Lancet.
1994;
344
1127-8
-
56
Birkenfeld S, Ron Y, Rozen A, et al.
Treatment of anal fissure with botulinum toxin injections (abstract).
Gastroenterology.
1997;
112
A4
-
57
Hallan R I, Williams N S, Melling J, et al.
Treatment of anismus in intractable constipation with botulinum A toxin.
Lancet.
1988;
2
714-7
-
58
Enck P.
Biofeedback training in disordered defecation: a critical review.
Dig Dis Sci.
1993;
38
1953-60
-
59
Langer J C, Birnbaum E.
Preliminary experience with intrasphincteric botulinum toxin for persistent constipation.
J Pediatr Surg.
1997;
32
1059-6
M. ThumshirnM.D.
Universitätsspital Zürich
Dept. für Innere Medizin
Abt. Gastroenterologie
Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
Telefon: + 41-1-2554503
eMail: klinthum@usz.unizh.ch