References
-
1
Vader J P, Burnand B, Froehlich F, et al.
The European Panel on Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EPAGE): Project and methods.
Endoscopy.
1999;
31
572-578
-
2
Vader J P, Froehlich F, Dubois R W, et al.
The European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EPAGE): Conclusions and WWW site.
Endoscopy.
1999;
31
687-694
-
3
DeMarkles M P, Murphy J R.
Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
Med Clin North Am.
1993;
77
1085-1100
-
4
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
The Role of Endoscopy in the Patient with Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Guidelines for clinical application.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1988;
34
23-25S
-
5
Potter G D, Sellin J H.
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
Gastroenterol Clin North Am.
1988;
17
341-356
-
6
Jensen D M, Machicado G A.
Diagnosis and treatment of severe hematochezia. The role of urgent colonoscopy after purge.
Gastroenterology.
1988;
95
1569-1574
-
7
Bramley P N, Masson J W, McKnight G, et al.
The role of an open-access bleeding unit in the management of colonic haemorrhage. A 2-year prospective study.
Scan J Gastroenterol.
1996;
31
764-769
-
8
Richter J M, Christensen M R, Kaplan L M, Nishioka N S.
Effectiveness of current technology in the diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1995;
41
93-98
-
9
Makela J T, Kiviniemi H, Laitinen S, Kairaluoma M I.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
Scan J Gastroenterol.
1993;
28
1062-1066
-
10
Colacchio T A, Forde K A, Patsos T J, Nunez D.
Impact of modern diagnostic methods on the management of active rectal bleeding. Ten year experience.
Am J Surg.
1982;
143
607-610
-
11
Rhee J C, Lee K T.
The causes and management of lower GI bleeding: a study based on clinical observations at Hanyang University Hospital.
Gastr Jap.
1991;
26
101-106
-
12
Vernava A M, Moore B A, Longo W E, Johnson F E.
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1997;
40
846-858
-
13
Leitman I M, Paull D E, Shires G T.
Evaluation and management of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Ann Surg.
1989;
209
175-180
-
14
Schrock T R.
Colonoscopic diagnosis and treatment of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
Surg Clin N Am.
1989;
69
1309-1325
-
15
Rossini F P, Ferrari A, Spandre M, et al.
Emergency colonoscopy.
World J Surg.
1989;
13
190-192
-
16
Bokhari M, Vernava A M, Ure T, Longo W E.
Diverticular hemorrhage in the elderly - is it well tolerated?.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1996;
39
191-195
-
17
Brandt L J, Boley S J.
The role of colonoscopy in the diagnosis and management of lower intestinal bleeding.
Scand J Gastroenterol.
1984;
102
61-70
-
18
Dent O F, Goulston K J, Zubrzycki J, Chapuis P H.
Bowel symptoms in an apparently well population.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1986;
29
243-247
-
19
Crosland A, Jones R.
Rectal bleeding: prevalence and consultation behaviour.
Brit Med J.
1995;
311
486-488
-
20
Silman A J, Mitchell P, Nicholls R J, et al.
Self-reported dark red bleeding as a marker comparable with occult blood testing in screening for large bowel neoplasms.
Br J Surg.
1983;
70
721-724
-
21
Metcalf J V, Smith J, Jones R, Record C O.
Incidence and causes of rectal bleeding in general practice as detected by colonoscopy.
Brit J Gen Pract.
1996;
46
161-164
-
22
Helfand M, Marton K I, Zimmer-Gembeck M J, Sox H C Jr.
History of visible rectal bleeding in a primary care population. Initial assessment and 10-year follow-up.
J Am Med Ass.
1997;
277
44-48
-
23
Johnson M C.
History is a poor predictor of source of minor rectal bleeding.
Gastroenterology.
1993;
104
A12
-
24
Goulston K J, Cook I, Dent O F.
How important is rectal bleeding in the diagnosis of bowel cancer and polyps?.
Lancet.
1986;
2
261-265
-
25
Shinya H, Cwern M, Wolf G.
Colonoscopic diagnosis and management of rectal bleeding.
Surg Clin North Am.
1982;
62
897-903
-
26
Irvine E J, O'Connor J, Frost R A, et al.
Prospective comparison of double contrast barium enema plus flexible sigmoidoscopy v. colonoscopy in rectal bleeding: barium enema v. colonoscopy in rectal bleeding.
Gut.
1988;
29
1188-1193
-
27
Brenna E, Skreden K, Waldum H L, et al.
The benefit of colonoscopy.
Scan J Gastroenterol.
1990;
25
81-88
-
28
Hixson L J, Sampliner R E, Chernin M, et al.
Limitations of combined flexible sigmoidoscopy and double contrast barium enema in patients with rectal bleeding.
Eur J Radiol.
1989;
9
254-257
-
29
Rex D K, Weddle R A, Lehman G A, et al.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy plus air contrast barium enema versus colonoscopy for suspected lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
Gastroenterology.
1990;
98
855-861
-
30
Acosta J A, Fournier T K, Knutson C O, Ragland J J.
Colonoscopic evaluation of rectal bleeding in young adults.
Am Surg.
1994;
60
903-906
-
31
Kind S.
Investigation of the optimal work-up of bright red blood per rectum (BRBPR): Ages 35 - 49.
Gastroenterology.
1993;
104
A14
-
32
Graham D J, Pritchard T J, Bloom A D.
Colonoscopy for intermittent rectal bleeding: impact on patient management.
J Surg Res.
1993;
54
136-139
-
33
Guillem J G, Forde K A, Treat M R, et al.
The impact of colonoscopy on the early detection of colonic neoplasms in patients with rectal bleeding.
Ann Surg.
1987;
206
606-611
-
34
Richter J M.
Occult gastrointestinal bleeding.
Gastroenterol Clin N Am.
1994;
23
53-66
-
35
Zuckerman G, Benitez J.
A prospective study of bidirectional endoscopy (colonoscopy and upper endoscopy) in the evaluation of patients with occult gastrointestinal bleeding.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1992;
87
62-66
1 The European Panel on Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EPAGE, Lausanne, Switzerland)
Prof. Jean-Jacques Gonvers
Policlinique Médicale Universitaire
Rue César-Roux 19
CH-1005 Lausanne
Switzerland
Telefon: + 41-21-3452323
eMail: Jean-Jacques.Gonvers@inst.hospvd.ch