Zusammenfassung
Die darmassoziierten lymphatischen Gewebe, wie z. B. Peyer-Plaques und Appendix, nehmen ständig potenzielle Antigene aus dem Lumen auf, um gegebenenfalls eine spezifische Immunantwort einzuleiten. Dieses „Antigen-Sampling” erfolgt durch M-Zellen, spezialisierte Epithelzellen der Dome-Areale. M-Zellen weisen eine besondere Ultrastruktur auf und sind typischerweise in Kontakt mit intraepithelialen Lymphozyten. Durch Endozytose nehmen die M-Zellen Makromoleküle, Partikel und ganze Mikroorganismen an ihrer apikalen Membran auf, transportieren diese in Vesikeln zur basolateralen Membran und geben sie durch Exozytose zum Interzellularraum ab. Diese Übersicht umreißt die strukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften von M-Zellen im Verdauungstrakt des Menschen und verschiedener Labortiere. Spezialisierungen der M-Zellen für Antigenaufnahme und -transport umfassen u. a. die Zusammensetzung der apikalen Membran, ein im Vergleich zu Enterozyten modifiziertes Zytoskelett sowie eine taschenartige Einstülpung der basolateralen Membran, in der sich Lymphozyten und Makrophagen befinden. Die verfügbaren Marker zum Nachweis von M-Zellen werden für verschiedene Spezies vergleichend dargestellt; aktuelle Hypothesen zu Ursprung und Differenzierungsweg von M-Zellen werden zusammengefasst und kritisch diskutiert. Da M-Zellen von zahlreichen Pathogenen, wie z. B. Bakterien und Viren, als Eintrittsstelle benutzt werden und dieser Weg zukünftig für die orale Gabe von Impfstoffen und Medikamenten genutzt werden könnte, wird abschließend ein Überblick über die klinische Bedeutung der Antigenaufnahme durch M-Zellen gegeben.
Mechanisms of antigen uptake in the small and large intestine: The role of M cells in the initiation of immune reactions
The gut-associated lymphoid tissues, e. g., the Peyer’s patches and the appendix, constantly internalize antigenic material to rapidly generate an immune response, if necessary. This sampling of antigens is performed by specialized epithelial cells, the „membranous” or „microfold” (M) cells of the dome epithelia. M cells possess a unique ultrastructure and are typically in contact with lymphoid cells. They endocytose macromolecules and particles, including entire microorganisms, at their apical membrane, transport these in vesicles to their basolateral membrane, and exocytose them to the intercellular space. This article reviews the structural and functional characteristics of M cells in the digestive tract in humans and other species. Specializations of M cells for antigen uptake and transport comprise the composition of their apical membrane, a modified cytoskeleton as compared to enterocytes, and a large pocket-like invagination of the basolateral membrane populated by lymphocytes. Besides ultrastructural characteristics, histochemical markers are listed that are available for detecting M cells. The origin and differentiation pathways of M cells and enterocytes of the dome epithelium are outlined and critically commented on. Because M cells are known entry sites of various pathogens and, in the future, might be employed for the oral application of drugs and vaccines, the clinical relevance of M cells in health and disease is discussed.
Schlüsselwörter
Peyer-Plaques - Membranous (M) Cell - Antigen-Sampling - Immunantwort - Infektion - Vakzination - Mensch
Key words
Peyer’s Patches - Antigen Sampling - Membranous (M) Cell - Immune Response - Infection - Vaccination - Humans
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Fußnoten
1 Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 280/C14, A17, C1)
Anschrift für die Verfasser
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Andreas Gebert
Abteilung Anatomie 2
Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
30623 Hannover
eMail: Gebert.Andreas@mh-hannover.de
