Postoperative diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. Observation or reoperation?
Summary
Background: The prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma is generally poor. The 5-year survival rate amounts to less than 5 % in most series due to the high proportion of advanced stages at the time of diagnosis. Early stages are commonly found only with histological work-up after cholecystectomy (CCE). In these cases the question arises whether or not reoperation for completion resection would be indicated.Patients/Methods: A retrospective analysis examined all patients of the Clinic of Surgery (Charité) in Berlin with gallbladder carcinoma operated on between January 1981 and August 1993. A literature search was carried out using the MEDLINE retrieval system for the key words “gallbladder carcinoma”, “surgical therapy”, and “reoperation” limited to the period after 1970.Results: The retrospective results of the own clinic and the analysis of the literature review demonstrate significantly higher survival rates after reoperation compared to CCE alone and observation for all cases of gallbladder carcinoma with stages T1b or higher stages. The extended radical CCE can be performed with low morbidity. With preceding laparoscopic CCE the trocar sites have to be completely excised.Discussion: To avoid the situation of postoperative diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma, the surgeon should intraoperatively during CCE perform a careful macroscopic control of the gallbladder. Suspect findings should be followed intraoperatively by histological examination. Nevertheless, local spread of GBCa and distribution of lymphatic metastases can certainly not be assessed completely after simple CCE. Based on the published results and because of low morbidity reoperation is indicated for most cases of GBCa when diagnosed postoperatively.
Zusammenfassung
Problemstellung: Die allgemein schlechte Prognose des Gallenblasenkarzinoms (GBCa) mit nur 5 % 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate ist durch die hohe Zahl fortgeschrittener Befunde bei Diagnosestellung bedingt. Frühstadien des GBCa werden häufig erst postoperativ nach einer Cholezystektomie (CCE) entdeckt. In diesen Fällen entsteht das Problem der Indikation zu einer Nachresektion.Patienten/Methoden: Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Analyse des chirurgischen Krankengutes mit der Diagnose GBCa im Zeitraum 1981-1993 an der Chirurgischen Klinik der Charité Berlin. Außerdem wurde eine Literaturrecherche unter Benutzung des MEDLINE-Systems bezüglich der Stichworte „gallbladder carcinoma”, „surgical therapy”, „reoperation” und „observation” im Zeitraum nach 1970 vorgenommen.Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse der eigenen Retrospektive und der Analyse der aktuellen Literatur zeigen gegenüber der einfachen CCE mit Nachbeobachtung eine signifikant höhere Überlebensrate für die Nachresektion bei Vorliegen eines Stadiums ≥ T1b (T1b oder T2). Diese Operation ist mit geringer Morbidität durchführbar. Nach vorausgegangener laparoskopischer CCE müssen insbesondere auch die Trokarinsertionen exzidiert werden.Diskussion: Um das Dilemma der Fragestellung zu verringern, sollte eine subtile intraoperative makroskopische Kontrolle der GB durch den Operateur erfolgen. Bei suspekten Befunden ist eine intraoperative histologische Untersuchung obligat. Die lokale Ausbreitung des GBCa sowie der Lymphknoten-Status können nach einfacher CCE dennoch selten sicher eingeschätzt werden. Eine Abgrenzung der Stadien T1a und T1b ist oft nicht möglich. Aufgrund der publizierten Ergebnisse und der niedrigen Morbidität ist die Nachresektion in den meisten Fällen eines postoperativ diagnostizierten GBCa indiziert.
Key words
Gallbladder carcinoma - postoperative diagnosis - reoperation - observation
Schlüsselwörter
Gallenblasenkarzinom - postoperative Diagnose - Nachoperation - Nachbeobachtung
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Dr. J. C. Rückert
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