Download PDF
Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2000; 138(5): 379-389
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-10165
INNOVATION

Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Pulsierende Elektromagnetische Felder in der Behandlung von Verletzungen und Erkrankungen der Bewegungsorgane - eine Übersicht und Metaanalyse

Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields in the Treatment of Orthopaedic Diseases: A Review and Meta-Analysis.B.  Schmidt-Rohlfing, J.  Silny1 , F.  U.  Niethard
  • Orthopädische Universitätsklinik der RWTH Aachen(Direktor: Prof. Dr. med. F. U. Niethard)
  • 1Forschungszentrum für Elektro-Magnetische Umweltverträglichkeit, Helmholtz-Institut, RWTH Aachen (Leiter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. med. J. Silny)
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
31 December 2000 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung.

Studienziel: Pulsierende elektromagnetische Felder werden zunehmend häufiger therapeutisch eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit geht der Frage nach, inwieweit diese Therapieform wissenschaftlich gesichert ist. Methode: Im Rahmen einer Übersichtsarbeit werden die zu dem Themenkomplex vorliegenden klinischen Studien ausgewertet. Zur Klärung der physikalisch-physiologischen Grundlagen werden wichtige experimentelle Studien einbezogen. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt 37 klinische Studien, durchgeführt an 3379 Patienten, werden ausgewertet. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass nur ein geringer Teil als prospektive Studien mit Kontrollgruppen durchgeführt wurden. Die Ergebnisse sind bei den unterschiedlichen orthopädischen Krankheitsbildern nicht eindeutig und zum Teil widersprüchlich. Unter Berücksichtigung der bislang bekannten physikalisch-physiologischen Grundlagen bleiben viele Aspekte dieser Therapieform offen. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Einsatz von pulsierenden elektromagnetischen Feldern bei orthopädischen Krankheitsbildern ist bislang wissenschaftlich nicht sicher belegt.

Aim: Recently, pulsating electomagnetic fields have gained wide attraction in the treatment of various orthopaedic diseases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of this therapeutic tool. Method: All clinical studies which deal with pulsating electromagnetic fields in the treatment of orthopaedic conditions are reviewed. To elucidate the physiological basis of the method, important experimental studies are considered. Results: 37 clinical studies with 3379 patients are evaluated, of which only a minority were performed as prospective studies with control groups. The results of the studies, perforrned on patients with various orthopaedic conditions, are not unequivocal and partly inconsistent. In view of the physiological basis many questions remain unanswered. Conclusions: At present the use of pulsating electromagnetic fields in the treatment of orthopaedic diseases is not scientifically proven.

Schlüsselwörter:

pulsierende elektromagnetische Felder - orthopädische Erkrankungen - klinische Studien

Key words:

pulsating electromagnetic fields - orthopaedic diseases - clinical studies

Literatur

  • 001 Aaron  R K, Ciombor  D McK, Jolly  G. Stimulation of Experimental Endochondral Ossification by Low-Energy Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields.  J Bone Miner Res. 1989;  4: 227-233
    Google Scholar
  • 002 Aaron  R K, Lennox  D, Bunce  G E, Ebert  T. The Conservative Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head.  Clin Orthop. 1989;  249: 209-218
    Google Scholar
  • 003 Anderson  J C, Erksson  C. Electrical Properties of Wet Collagen.  Nature. 1968;  218: 166-168
    Google Scholar
  • 004 Armstrong  P F, Brighton  C T, Star  A M. Capacitively Coupled Electrical Stimulation of Bovine Growth Plate Chondrocytes Grown in Pellet Form.  J Orthop Res. 1988;  6: 265-271
    Google Scholar
  • 005 Ascherl  R, Blümel  G, Lechner  F, Kraus  W. On the Treatment of the Loosening of Endoprotheses by Means of Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields.  Bioelectrochemestry Bioenergetics. 1985;  14: 61-167
    Google Scholar
  • 006 Balcavage  W X, Alvager  T, Swez  J, Goff  C W, Fox  M T, Abdullyava  S, King  M W. A Mechanism for Action of Extremely low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Biological Systems.  Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1996;  222: 374-378
    Google Scholar
  • 007 Barker  A T, Dixon  R A, Sharrard  W JW, Sutcliffe  M L. Pulsed Magnetic Field Therapy for Tibial Non-Union. Interims Results of a Double-blind Trial.  Lancet. 1984;  994-996
    Google Scholar
  • 008 Bassett  C AL, Mitchell  S N, Gastron  S R. Treatment of Ununited Tibial Diaphyseal Fractures with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1981;  63-A: 511-523
    Google Scholar
  • 009 Bassett  C AL, Mitchell  S N, Gaston  S R. Pulsing Electromagnetic Field Treatment in Ununited Fractures and Failed Arthrodeses.  JAMA. 1982;  247: 623-628
    Google Scholar
  • 010 Bassett  C AL, Mitchell  S N, Schink  M M. Treatment of Therapeutically Non-Unions with Bone Grafts and Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1982;  64-A: 1214-1220
    Google Scholar
  • 011 Bassett  C AL, Pawluk  R J, Becker  R O. Effects of Electric Currents on Bone in Vivo.  Nature. 1964;  204: 652-654
    Google Scholar
  • 012 Bassett  C AL, Pawluk  R J, Pilla  A A. Augmentation of Bone Repair by Inductively Coupled Electromagnetic Fields.  Science. 1974;  184: 575-577
    Google Scholar
  • 013 Bassett  C AL, Pilla  A A, Pawluk  R J. A Non-Operative Salvage of Surgically-Resistant Pseudarthroses and Non-Unions by Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields.  Clin Orthop. 1977;  124: 128-143
    Google Scholar
  • 014 Bassett  C AL, Schink-Ascani  M. Long-Term Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Results in Congenital Pseudarthrosis.  Calcif Tissue Int. 1991;  49: 216-220
    Google Scholar
  • 015 Bassett  C AL, Schink-Ascani  M, Lewis  S M. Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Steinberg Ratings of Femoral Head Osteonecrosis.  Clin Orthop. 1989;  246: 172-185
    Google Scholar
  • 016 Bassett  C AL, Valdes  M G, Hernandez  E. Modification of Fracture Repair with Selected Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1982;  64-A: 888-895
    Google Scholar
  • 017 Bigliani  L U, Rosenwasser  M P, Caulo  N, Schink  M M, Bassett  C AL. The Use of Pulsing Electromagnetiic Fields to Achieve Arthrodesis of the Knee Following Failed Total Knee Arthoplasty.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1983;  65-A: 480-485
    Google Scholar
  • 018 Binder  A, Parr  G, Hazleman  B. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy of Persistent Rotator Cuff Tendinitis.  Lancet. 1984;  695-698
    Google Scholar
  • 019 Bodamyali  T, Bhatt  B, Hughes  F J, Winrow  V R, Kanczler  J M, Simon  B, Abbott  J, Blake  D R, Stevens  C R. Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Simultaneously Induce Osteogenesis and Upregulate Transcrition of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 2 and 4 in Rat Osteoblasts in Vitro.  Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;  250: 458-461
    Google Scholar
  • 020 Borsalino  G, Bagnacani  M, Bettati  S. Electrical Stimulation of Human Femoral Intertrochanteric Osteotomies. A Double-blind Study.  Clin Orthop. 1988;  237: 255-263
    Google Scholar
  • 021 Brighton  C T. Bioelectrical Effects on Bone and Cartilage.  Clin Orthop. 1977;  124: 2-4
    Google Scholar
  • 022 Brighton  C T, Black  J, Friedenberg  Z B, Esterhai  J L, Day  L J, Connolly  J F. A Multicenter Study of the Treatment of Non-Union with Constant Direct Current.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1981;  62-A: 2-13
    Google Scholar
  • 023 Brighton  C T, Pollack  S R. Treatment of Recalcitrant Non-Union with a Capacitively Coupled Electric Field.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;  67-A: 577-585
    Google Scholar
  • 024 Cane  V, Botti  P, Farneti  D, Soana  S. Electromagnetic Stimulation of Bone Repair: A Histomorphometric Study.  J Orthop Res. 1991;  9: 908-917
    Google Scholar
  • 025 Cane  V, Botti  P, Soana  S. Pulsed Magnetic Fields Improve Osteoblast Activity During the Repair of an Experimental Osseous Defect.  J Orthop Res. 1993;  11: 664-670
    Google Scholar
  • 026 Capanna  R, Donati  D, Masetti  C, Manfrini  M, Panozzo  A, Cadossi  R, Campanacci  M. Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Patients Undergoing Massive Bone Graft Following Bone Tumor Resection - A Double Blind Study.  Clin Orthop. 1994;  306: 213-221
    Google Scholar
  • 027 McCleary  V L, Akers  T K, Aasen  G H. Low Magnetic Field Effects on Embryonic Bone Growth.  Biomed Sci Instrum. 1991;  27: 205-217
    Google Scholar
  • 028 Cochran  G VB, Pawluk  R J, Bassett  C AL. Electromechanical Characteristics of Bone Under Physiological Moisture Conditions.  Clin Orthop. 1968;  58: 249-253
    Google Scholar
  • 029 Cook  D J, Mulrow  C D, Haynes  R B. Systemic Reviews: Synthesis of Best Evidence for Clinical Decisions.  Ann Intern Med. 1997;  126: 376-380
    Google Scholar
  • 030 Currier  D P, Ray  J M, Nyland  J, Rooney  J G, Noteboom  J T, Kellogg  R. Effects of Electrical and Electromagnetic Stimulation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.  J Othop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;  17: 177-184
    Google Scholar
  • 031 Deveraux  M D, Hazleman  B L, Thomas  P P. Chronic Lateral Humeral Epicondylitis - A Double-blind Assessment of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy.  Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1985;  3: 333-336
    Google Scholar
  • 032 Eftekhar  N S, Schink-Ascani  M M, Mitchell  S N, Bassett  C AL. Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Treated by Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs): A Preliminary Report. In: Hungerford D. S. (ed.) The Hip. C. V. Mosby St. Louis; 1983: 306
    Google Scholar
  • 033 Enzler  M A, Summer-Smith  G, Waelchli-Suter  C, Perren  S M. Treatment of Nonuniting Osteotomies with Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields.  Clin Orthop. 1984;  187: 272-276
    Google Scholar
  • 034 Eyres  K S, Saleh  M, Kanis  J A. Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Formation and Bone Loss During Limb Lengthening.  Bone. 1996;  18: 505-509
    Google Scholar
  • 035 Farndale  R W, Maroudas  A, Marsland  T P. Effects of Low-Amplitude Pulsed Magnetic Fields on Cellular Ion Transport.  Bioelectromagnetics. 1987;  8: 119-134
    Google Scholar
  • 036 Fitzsimmons  R J, Ryaby  J T, Mohan  S, Magee  F P, Baylink  D J. Combined Magnetic Fields Increase Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II in TE-85 Human Osteosarcoma Bone Cell Cultures.  Endocrinology. 1995;  136: 3100-3106
    Google Scholar
  • 037 Frank  E H, Grodzinsky  A J. Cartilage Electromechanics - I. Electrokinetic Transduction and the Effcts of the Electrolyte pH and Ionic Strength.  J Biomech. 1987;  20: 615-627
    Google Scholar
  • 038 Frank  E H, Grodzinsky  A J. Cartilage Electromechanics - II. A Continuum Model of Cartilage Electrokinetics and Correlation with Experiments.  J Biomech. 1987;  20: 629-639
    Google Scholar
  • 039 Friedenberg  Z B, Robert  P G, Didizian  N H, Brighton  C T. Stimulation of Fracture Healing by Direct Currrent in the Rabbit Fibula.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1971;  53-A: 1400-1408
    Google Scholar
  • 040 Froböse  I, Eckey  U, Reiser  M, Glaser  C, Englmeier  F, Assheuer  J, Breitgraf  G, Muntermann  A. Evaluation der Effektivität dreidimensionaler pulsierender elektromagnetischer Felder der MultiBioSignalTherapie (MBST) auf die Regeneration von Knorpelstrukturen. 1999 Zur Publikation eingereicht
    Google Scholar
  • 041 Garland  D E, Moses  B, Salyer  W. Long-term Follow-up of Fracture Nonunions with PEMFs.  Contemp Orthop. 1991;  22: 295-302
    Google Scholar
  • 042 Goodman  R, Bassett  C AL, Henderson  A S. Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields Induce Cellular Transcription.  Science. 1983;  220: 1283-1285
    Google Scholar
  • 043 Grace  K LR, Revell  W J, Brookes  M. The Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetism on Fresh Fracture Healing: Osteochondral Repair in the Rat Femoral Groove.  Orthopedics. 1998;  21: 297-302
    Google Scholar
  • 044 Greenough  C G. The Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Blood Vessel Growth in the Rabbit Ear Chamber.  J Orthop Res. 1992;  10: 256-262
    Google Scholar
  • 045 Guizzardi  S, DiSilvestre  M, Govoni  P, Scandroglio  R. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Posterior Fusions. A Histological Study in Rats.  J Spinal Disord. 1994;  7: 36-40
    Google Scholar
  • 046 Guzelsu  N, Walsh  W R. Streaming Potential of Intact Wet Bone.  J Biomech. 1990;  23: 673-685
    Google Scholar
  • 047 DeHaas  W G, Beaupre  A, Cameron  H, English  E. The Canadian Experience with Pulsed Magnetic Fields in the Treatment of Ununited Tibial Fractures.  Clin Orthop. 1986;  208: 55-58
    Google Scholar
  • 048 DeHaas  W G, Lazarovici  M A, Morrison  D M. The Effect of Low Frequency Magnetic Fields on the Healing of the Osteomized Rabbit Radius.  Clin Orthop. 1979;  145: 245-251
    Google Scholar
  • 049 Harrison  M HM, Bassett  C AL. The Results of a Double-Blind Trial of Pulsed Electromagnetic Frequency in the Treatment of Perthes' Disease.  J Ped Orthop. 1997;  17: 264-265
    Google Scholar
  • 050 Heckman  J D, Ingram  A J, Loyd  R D, Luck  J V, Mayer  P W. Nonunion Treatment with pulsed Electromagnetic Fields.  Clin Orthop. 1981;  161: 58-66
    Google Scholar
  • 051 Hinsenkamp  M, Burny  F, Donkerwolcke  M, Coussaert  E. Electromagnetic Stimulation of Fresh Fractures Treated with Hoffmann External Fixation.  Orthopedics. 1984;  7: 411-416
    Google Scholar
  • 052 Holmes  G B. Treatment of Delayed Unions and Nonunions of the Proximal Fifth Metatarsal with Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields.  Foot Ankle Int. 1994;  15: 552-556
    Google Scholar
  • 053 Ijiri  K, Matsunaga  S, Fukuyama  K, Maeda  S, Sakou  T, Kitano  M, Senba  I. The Effect of Pulsing Electromagnetic Field on Bone Ingrowth into a Pourous Coated Implant.  Anticancer Res. 1996;  16: 2853-2856
    Google Scholar
  • 054 Ito  H, Bassett  C AL. Effect of Weak, Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields on Neural Regeneration in the Rat.  Clin Orthop. 1983;  181: 283-290
    Google Scholar
  • 055 Ito  M, Fay  L A, Ito  Y, Yuan  M R, Edwards  W T, Yuan  H A. TheEffect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Instrumented Posterolateral Spinal Fusion and Device-Related Stress Shielding.  Spine. 1997;  22: 382-388
    Google Scholar
  • 056 Jorgensen  W A, Frome  B M, Wallach  C. Electrochemical Therapy of Pelvic Pain: Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF) on Tissue Trauma.  Eur J Surg Suppl. 1994;  574: 83-86
    Google Scholar
  • 057 Kahanovitz  N, Arnoczky  S P, Nemzek  J, Shores  A. The Effect of Electromagnetic Pulsing on Posterior Lumbar Spinal Fusions in Dogs.  Spine. 1994;  19: 705-709
    Google Scholar
  • 058 Kennedy  W F, Roberts  C G, Zuege  R C, Dicus  W T. Use of Electromagnetic Fields in Treatment of Loosened Cemented Hip Prostheses.  Clin Orthop. 1993;  286: 198-205
    Google Scholar
  • 059 Konrad  K, Sevcic  K, Földes  K, Piroska  E, Molnar  E. Therapy with Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Aseptic Loosening of Total Hip Protheses: A Prospective Study.  Clin Rheumatol. 1996;  15: 325-328
    Google Scholar
  • 060 Law  H T, Annan  I, McCarthy  I D, Hughes  S PF, Stead  A C, Camburn  M A, Montgomery  H. The Effect of Induced Electric Currents on Bone after Experimental Osteotomy in Sheep.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1985;  67-B: 463-469
    Google Scholar
  • 061 McLeod  K J, Rubin  C T, Brook  S. The Effect of Low-Frequency Electrical Fields on Osteogenesis.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1992;  74-A: 920-929
    Google Scholar
  • 062 Liu  H, Abbott  J, Bee  J A. Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Influence Hyaline Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Composition without Affecting Molecular Stucture.  Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1996;  4: 63-76
    Google Scholar
  • 063 Mammi  G I, Rocchi  R, Cadossi  R, Massari  L, Traina  G C. The Electrical Stimulation of Tibial Osteotomies.  Clin Orthop. 1993;  288: 246-253
    Google Scholar
  • 064 Marcer  M, Musatti  G, Bassett  C AL. Results of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) In Ununited Fractures after External Skeletal Fixation.  Clin Orthopp. 1984;  190: 260-265
    Google Scholar
  • 065 Matsunaga  S, Sakou  T, Ijiri  K. Osteogenesis by Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) Optimum Stimulation Setting.  In Vivo. 1996;  10: 351-356
    Google Scholar
  • 066 De Mattei  M, Caruso  A, Traina  G C, Pezzetti  F, Baroni  T, Sollazzo  V. Correlation between Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Time and Cell Proliferation Increase in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Lines and Human Normal Osteobast Cells In Vitro.  Bioelectromagnetics. 1999;  20: 177-182
    Google Scholar
  • 067 Meskens  M WA, Stuyck  J AE, Feys  H, Mulier  J C. Treatment of Nonunions Using Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields: A Retrospective Follow-Up Study.  Acta Orthop Belg. 1990;  56: 483-488
    Google Scholar
  • 068 Miller  G J, Burchardt  H, Enneking  W F, Tylkowski  C M. Electromagnetic Stimulation of Canine Bone Grafts.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;  66-A: 693-698
    Google Scholar
  • 069 Mooney  V. A Randomized Double-Blind Prospektive Study of the Efficacy of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields for Interbody Lumbar Fusion.  Spine. 1990;  15: 708-712
    Google Scholar
  • 070 Mow  V C, Holmes  M H, Lai  W M. Fluid Transport and Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage: A Review.  J Biomech. 1984;  17: 377-394
    Google Scholar
  • 071 Murray  J C, Farndale  R W. Modulation of Collagen Production in Cultered Fibroblasts by a Low-Frequency Pulsed Magnetic Field.  Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985;  838: 98-105
    Google Scholar
  • 072 Netter  F H. The Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations. Musculoskeletal System, Part I, Vol 8. Summit 1990: 187-189
    Google Scholar
  • 073 Nogami  H, Aoki  H, Okagawa  T, Mimatsu  K. Effects of Electric Current on Chondrogenesis in Vitro.  Clin Orthop. 1982;  163: 243-247
    Google Scholar
  • 074 Norton  L A. Effects of a Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on a Mixed Chondroblastic Tissue Culture.  Clin Orthop. 1982;  167: 280-290
    Google Scholar
  • 075 O'Connor  B T. Pulsed Magnetic Field Therapy for Tibial Nonunion.  Lancet. 1984;  2: 171-172
    Google Scholar
  • 076 Parnell  E J, Simonis  R B. The Effect of Electrical Stimulation in the Treatment of Non-Union of the Tibia.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1991;  73-B (Supp II): 178
    Google Scholar
  • 077 Patino  O, Grana  D, Bolgiani  A, Prezzavento  G, Mino  J, Merlo  A, Benaim  F. Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Experimental Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rats.  J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996;  17: 528-531
    Google Scholar
  • 078 Pienkowski  D, Pollack  S R, Brighton  C T, Griffith  N J. Comparison of Asymmetrical and Symmetrical Pulse Waveforms in Electromagnetic Stimulation.  J Orthop Res. 1992;  10: 247-255
    Google Scholar
  • 079 Rispoli  F P, Corolla  F M, Mussner  R. The Use of Low Frequency Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields in Patients with Painful Hip Protheses.  J Bioelectricity. 1989;  7: 181-187
    Google Scholar
  • 080 Rodan  G A, Bourret  L A, Norton  L A. DNA Synthesis in Cartilage Cells is Stimulated by Oscillating Electric Fields.  Science. 1978;  199: 690-692
    Google Scholar
  • 081 Rubin  C T, Donahue  H J, Rubin  J E, McLeod  K J. Optimization of Electric Field Parameters for the Control of Bone Remodeling: Exploitation of an Indigenous Mechanism for the Prevention of Osteopenia.  J Bone Miner Res. 1993;  8: S573-S581
    Google Scholar
  • 082 Rubin  C T, McLeod  K J, Lanyon  L-E, Brook  S. Prevention of Osteoporosis by Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1989;  71-A: 411-417
    Google Scholar
  • 083 Sakai  A, Suzuki  K, Nakamura  T, Norimura  T, Tsuchiya  T. Effects of Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields on Cultured Cartilage Cells.  Int Orthop. 1991;  15: 341-346
    Google Scholar
  • 084 Sandyk  R. Suicidal Behavior is Attenuated in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis by Treatment with Electromagnetic Fields.  Int J Neurosci. 1996;  87: 5-15
    Google Scholar
  • 085 Sandyk  R. Treatment with AC Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Improves the Response to Levadopa in Parkinson's Disease.  Int J Neurosci. 1997;  91: 189-197
    Google Scholar
  • 086 Sandyk  R. Treatment with AC Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Normalizes th Latency of the Visual Evoked Responses in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient with Optic Atrophy.  Int J Neurosci. 1998;  93: 239-250
    Google Scholar
  • 087 Scott  G, King  J B. A Prospective, Double-Blind Trial of Electrical Capacitive Coupling in the Treatment of Non-Union of Long Bones.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1994;  76-A: 820-826
    Google Scholar
  • 088 Shamos  M H, Lavine  L S. Piezoelectric Effect in Bone.  Nature. 1963;  177: 81
    Google Scholar
  • 089 Shankar  V S, Simon  B J, Bax  C MR, Pazinas  M, Moonga  B S, Adebanjo  O A, Zaidi  M. Effects of Electromagnetic Stimulation on the Functional Responsiveness of Isolated Rat Osteoclasts.  J Cell Physiol. 1998;  176: 537-544
    Google Scholar
  • 090 Sharrard  W JW. A Double-Blind Trial of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields for Delayed Union of Tibial Fractures.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1990;  72-B: 347-355
    Google Scholar
  • 091 Sharrard  W JW. The Treatment of Fibrous Non-Union of Fractures by Pulsing Electromagnetic Stimulation.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1982;  64-B: 189-193
    Google Scholar
  • 092 Simmons  J W. Treatment of Failed Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) of the with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields.  Clin Orthop. 1985;  193: 127-132
    Google Scholar
  • 093 Skerry  T M, Pead  M J, Lanyon  L E. Modulation of Bone Loss During Disuse by Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields.  J Orthop Res. 1991;  9: 600-608
    Google Scholar
  • 094 Smith  R L, Nagel  D A. Effects of Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Growth and Articular Cartilage.  Clin Orthop. 1983;  181: 277-290
    Google Scholar
  • 095 Sollazzo  V, Traina  G C, DeMattei  M, Pellati  A, Pezzetti  F, Caruso  A. Responses of Human MG-63 Osteosarcoma Cell Line and Human Osteoblast-Like Cells to Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields.  Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;  18: 541-547
    Google Scholar
  • 096 Sutcliffe  M L, Goldberg  A AJ. The Treatment of Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields.  Clin Orthop. 1982;  166: 45-57
    Google Scholar
  • 097 Tabrah  F L, Moffmeier  M, Gilbert  F, Batkin  S, Bassett  C AL. Bone Density Changes in Osteoporosis-Prone Women Exposed to Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs).  J Bone Miner Res. 1990;  5: 437-442
    Google Scholar
  • 098 Tabrah  F L, Ross  P, Hoffmeier  M, Gibert  F. Cinical Report on Long-Term Bone Density After Short-Term EMF Application.  Bioelectromagnetics. 1998;  19: 75-78
    Google Scholar
  • 099 Trock  D H, Bollet  A J, Dyer  R H, Fielding  L P, Miner  W K, Markoll  R. A Double-Blind Trial of the Clinical Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Osteoarthritis.  J Rheumatol. 1993;  20: 456-460
    Google Scholar
  • 100 Trock  D H, Bollet  A J, Markoll  R. The Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Cervical Spine. Report of Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trials.  J Rheumat. 1994;  21: 1903-1911
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 US Deparment of Health and Human Services: Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline 1994: 14
    Google Scholar
  • 102 Wahlström  O. Stimulation of Fracture Healing with Electromagnetic Fields of Extremely Low Frequency.  Clin Orthop. 1984;  186: 293-301
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Yasuda  I. Fundamental Aspects of Fracture Treatment.  Clin Orthop. 1977;  124: 5-8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Yasuda  I, Noguchi  K, Sata  T. Dynamic Callus and Electrical Callus.  J Bone Joint Surg. 1955;  37-A: 1292-1294
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Yonemori  K, Matsunaga  S, Ishidou  Y, Maeda  S, Yoshida  H. Early Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Osteogenesis.  Bone. 1996;  19: 173-180
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Zizic  T M, Hoffman  K C, Holt  P A, Hungerford  D S, O'Dell  J R, Jacobs  M A, Lewis  C, Deal  C L, Caldwell  J R, Cholewczynski  J G, Free  S M. The Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee with Pulsed Electrical Stimulation.  J Rheumatol. 1995;  22: 1757-1761
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

Dr. Bernhard Schmidt-Rohlfing

Orthopädische Universitätsklinik der RWTH Aachen

Pauwelsstr. 30

52074 Aachen

Fax: Fax 0241/8888453

Email: E-mail: Bernhard.Schmidt@post.rwth-aachen.de