Zusammenfassung
Endometriose ist ein komplexes Krankheitsbild, dessen Pathogenese rätselhaft ist. Praktisch mit jedem Zyklus gelangen Endometriosezellen durch retrograde Menstruation in die Abdominalhöhle. Ein Ansiedeln dieser Zellen in ektopem Gewebe kommt wahrscheinlich nur bei Frauen vor, bei welchen eine Dysregulation der umgebenden intraperitonealen Abwehrmechanismen vorliegt. Die erhöhten Konzentrationen an aktivierten Makrophagen, Lymphozyten, Zytokinen und Wachstumsfaktoren, welche in der peritonealen Flüssigkeit von Endometriose-Patientinnen nachgewiesen werden, sprechen zugunsten dieser Hypothese. In der vorliegenden Übersicht schlagen wir ein Modell vor, welches das komplexe Zusammenspiel der lokal produzierten Zytokine, Wachstumsfaktoren, Sexualhormone und Eikosanoide im Wachstumsprozess und in der damit verbundenen Gefäßneubildung dieser ektopischen Endometrium-Herde zusammenfasst. Die erhöhte lokale Sekretion von angiostimulatorischen Proteinen durch Endometrioseherde und deren begleitenden Immunzellen fördern die Rekrutierung von Kapillaren zum Ort des Wachstums der anwachsenden Läsionen. Zukünftige Therapien, welche diese angiostimulatorischen Faktoren bekämpfen und somit das Potenzial haben, die vaskuläre Pathogenese der Endometriose zu blockieren, werden ebenfalls erwähnt.
Summary
Endometriosis is a complex condition with an enigmatic pathogenesis. While retrograde passage of endometrial cells into the abdominal cavity during menstruation occurs in most women, implantation of these cells at ectopic sites appears to occur only in those with altered intraperitoneal defense mechanisms. The peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis contains increased levels of activated macrophages, lymphocytes, cytokines and growth factors. We describe a model which integrates the complex interactions among locally produced cytokines, growth factors, sex steroid hormones, and eicosanoids in the growth and angiogenesis of endometriotic foci. Increased local secretion of angiostimulatory proteins by endometriotic deposits and accompanying immunologic cells promote the local growth of capillaries. Future therapeutic strategies may aim to counter these angiostimulatory factors.
Literatur
-
1
Adams J.
Thrombospondin-1.
Int J Biochem Cell Biol.
1997;
29
861-865
-
2
Ahmed A, Acevedo C, Nijjar S, Alpin J, Yancopoulos G, Shams M.
Angiopoietin-1 and Tie-2 are downregulated in dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
J Soc Gynecol Investig.
2000;
7 (Suppl 1)
57
-
3
Arici A, Tazuke S I, Attar E, Kliman H J, Olive D L.
Interleukin-8 concentration in peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis and modulation of interleukin-8 expression in human mesothelial cells.
Mol Hum Reprod.
1996;
2 (1)
40-45
-
4
Augustin H, Kuhn W S.
Zyklische Angiogenese-Prozesse im Ovar.
Gynaekologe.
1999;
32
582-589
-
5
Ben-Av P, Crofford L J, Wilder R L, Hla T.
Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in synovial fibroblasts by prostaglandin E and interleukin-1: a potential mechanism for inflammatory angiogenesis.
FEBS Lett.
1995;
372 (1)
83-87
-
6
Brogi E, Wu T, Namiki A, Isner J.
Indirect angiogenic cytokines upregulate VEGF and bFGF gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas hypoxia upregulates VEGF expression only.
Circulation.
1994;
90
649-652
-
7 Brosens I, Donnez J. Current status of endometriosis. Carnforth; Parthenon Publishing 1993
-
8
Bulmer J, Longfellow M, Ritson A.
Leukocytes and resident blood cells in endometrium.
Ann NY Acad Sci.
1991;
622
57-68
-
9
Charnock-Jones D, Sharkey A, Rajput-Williams J, Burch D, Schofield J, Fountain S. et al .
Identification and localization of alternately spliced mRNAs for vascular endothelial growth factor in human uterus and estrogen regulation in endometrial carcinoma cell lines.
Biol Reprod.
1993;
48 (5)
1120-1128
-
10
Cordon-Cardo C, Vlodavsky I, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Hicklin D, Fuks Z.
Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in normal human tissues.
Lab Invest.
1990;
63
832-840
-
11
Crum R, Szabo S, Folkman J.
A new class of steroids inhibits angiogenesis in the presence of heparin or a heparin fragment.
Science.
1985;
230 (4732)
1375-1378
-
12
Cullinan-Bove K, Koos R.
Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in the rat uterus: rapid stimulation by estrogen correlates with estrogen-induced increases in uterine capillary permeability and growth.
Endocrinology.
1993;
133 (2)
829-837
-
13
Curtis S, Washburn T, Sewall C, DiAugustine R, Lindzey J, Couse J. et al .
Physiological coupling of growth factor and steroid receptor signaling pathways: estrogen receptor knockout mice lack estrogen-like response to epidermal growth factor.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1996;
93
12626-12630
-
14
Daniel T, Liu H, Morrow J, Crews B, Marnett L.
Thromboxane A2 is a mediator of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent endothelial migration and angiogenesis.
Cancer Res.
1999;
59 (18)
4574-4577
-
15
Davis S, Aldrich T, Jones P, Acheson A, Compton L, Jain V. et al .
Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning.
Cell.
1996;
87
1161-1169
-
16
D'Hooghe T M.
Clinical relevance of the baboon as a model for the study of endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1997;
68 (4)
613-625
-
17
Di Lieto A, De Rosa G, Albano G, Staibano S, Campanile M, Pontillo M. et al .
Influence of goserelin depot therapy on epidermal growth factor receptor expression in pelvic endometriosis.
Gynecol Endocrinol.
1997;
11 (1)
17-20
-
18
DiZerega G, Barber D, Hodgen G.
Endometriosis: role of ovarian steroids in intiation, maintenance and suppression.
Fertil Steril.
1980;
33
649-653
-
19
Donnez J, Smoes P, Gillerot S, Casanas-Roux F, Nisolle M.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endometriosis.
Hum Reprod.
1998;
13 (6)
1686-1690
-
20
Drake T, Grunert G.
The unsuspected pelvic factor in the infertility investigation.
Fertil Steril.
1980;
34
27-31
-
21
Fernandez-Shaw S, Marshall J, Hicks B, Barlow D, Starkey P.
Plasminogen activators in ectopic and uterine endometrium.
Fertil Steril.
1995;
63 (1)
45-51
-
22
Ferrara N, Clapp C, Weiner R.
The 16 K fragment of prolactin specifically inhibits basal or fibroblast growth factor stimulated growth of capillary endothelial cells.
Endocrinology.
1991;
129 (2)
896-900
-
23
Ferrara N, Houck K, Jakeman L, Winer J, Leung D.
The vascular endothelial growth factor family of polypeptides.
J Cell Biochem.
1991;
47
211-218
-
24
Ferriani R A, Charnock-Jones D S, Prentice A, Thomas E J, Smith S K.
Immunohistochemical localization of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors in normal human endometrium and endometriosis and the detection of their mRNA by polymerase chain reaction.
Hum Reprod.
1993;
8 (1)
11-16
-
25
Folkman J.
The role of angiogenesis in tumor growth.
Semin Cancer Biol.
1992;
3 (2)
65-71
-
26
Folkman J.
Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis.
N Engl J Med.
1995;
333
1757-1764
-
27
Folkman J.
Addressing tumor blood vessels.
Nature Biotechnol.
1997;
15
510
-
28
Fujimoto J, Sakaguchi H, Hirose R, Tamaya T.
Expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) related to angiogenesis in ovarian endometriosis.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1999;
84 (1)
359-362
-
29
Giudice L, Dsupin B, Gargosky S, Rosenfeld R, Irwin J.
The insulin-like growth factor system in human peritoneal fluid: its effects on endometrial stroma cells and its potential relevance to endometriosis.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1994;
79 (5)
1284-1293
-
30
Giudice L, Dsupin B, Jin I, Vu T, Hoffman A.
Differential expression of messenger ribonucleic acids encoding insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in human uterine endometrium and decidua.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1993;
76
1115-1122
-
31
Goldman C, Kim J, Wong W, King V, Brock T, Gy G.
Epidermal human factor stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor production by human malignant gliom cells: a model of glioblastoma multiforme pathophysiology.
Mol Biol Cell.
1993;
4
121-133
-
32
Gospodarowicz D, Brown K, Birdwell C, Zetter B.
Control of proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells. Characterization of the response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and thrombin.
J Cell Biol.
1978;
77 (3)
774-788
-
33
Groothuis P, Koks C, de Goeij A, Dunselman G, Arends J, Evers J.
Adhesion of human endometrial fragments to peritoneum in vitro.
Fertil Steril.
1999;
71 (6)
1119-1124
-
34
Gurgan T, Bukulmez O, Yarali H, Tanir M, Akyildiz S.
Serum and peritoneal fluid levels of IGF I and II and insulinlike growth binding protein-3 in endometriosis.
J Reprod Med.
1999;
44 (5)
450-454
-
35
Halme J, Hammond M, Hulka J, Raj S, Talbert L.
Retrograde menstruation in healthy women and in patients with endometriosis.
Obstet Gynecol.
1984;
64 (2)
151-154
-
36
Halme J, White C, Kauma S, Estes J, Haskill S.
Peritoneal macrophages from patients with endometriosis release growth factor activity in vitro.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1988;
66
1044-1049
-
37
Hanahan D, Folkman J.
Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis.
Cell.
1996;
86
353-364
-
38
Harrington D, Lessey B, Rai V, Bergqvist A, Kennedy S, Manek S. et al .
Tenascin is differentially expressed in endometrium and endometriosis.
J Pathol.
1999;
187 (2)
242-248
-
39
Hill J.
Immunological factors in endometriosis and endometriosis-associated reproductive failure.
Med Clin North Am.
1992;
3
583-596
-
40
Huang J C, Papasakelariou C, Dawood M Y.
Epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1996;
65 (5)
931-934
-
41
Imai T, Kurachi H, Adachi K, Adachi H, Yoshimoto Y, Homma H. et al .
Changes in epidermal growth factor receptor and the levels of its ligands during menstrual cycle in human endometrium.
Biol Reprod.
1995;
52 (4)
928-938
-
42
Iruela-Arispe M, Porter P, Bornstein P, Sage E.
Thrombospondin-1, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, is regulated by progesterone in the human endometrium.
J Clin Invest.
1996;
97 (2)
403-412
-
43
Iruela-Arispe M L, Rodriguez-Manzaneque J C, Abu-Jawdeh G.
Endometrial endothelial cells express estrogen and progesterone receptors and exhibit a tissue specific response to angiogenic growth factors.
Microcirculation.
1999;
6 (2)
127-140
-
44
Keenan J, Chen T T, Chadwell N L, Torry D S, Caudle M R.
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in peritoneal fluid and macrophage-conditioned media of women with endometriosis.
Am J Reprod Immunol.
1994;
32 (3)
180-183
-
45
Keenan J A, Chen T T, Chadwell N L, Torry D S, Caudle M R.
IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 in peritoneal fluid and macrophage-conditioned media of women with endometriosis.
Am J Reprod Immunol.
1995;
34 (6)
381-385
-
46
Kennedy S.
The genetics of endometriosis.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
1999;
82 (2)
129-133
-
47
Khorram O, Taylor R, Ryan I, Schall T, Landers D.
Peritoneal fluid concentrations of the cytokine RANTES correlate with the severity of endometriosis.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1993;
169 (6)
1545-1549
-
48
Koch A, Polverini P, Kunkel S, Harlow L, DiPietro L, Elner V. et al .
Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis.
Science.
1992;
258
1798-1801
-
49
Koninckx P R, Braet P, Kennedy S H, Barlow D H.
Dioxin pollution and endometriosis in Belgium.
Hum Reprod.
1994;
9 (6)
1001-1002
-
50
Kruitwagen R, Poels L.
Willemsen W, et al. Endometrial epithelial cells in peritoneal fluid during the early follicular phase.
Fertil Steril.
1991;
55
297-303
-
51
Lebovic D, Bentzien F, Chao V, Garrett E, Meng Y, Taylor R.
Induction of an angiogenic phenotype in endometriosis stromal cell cultures by Interleukin-1β.
Mol Hum Reprod.
2000;
6 (3)
269-275
-
52
Lebovic D I, Mueller M D, Taylor R N.
Vascular endothelial growth factor in reproductive biology.
Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol.
1999;
11 (3)
255-260
-
53
Leek R, Landers R, Fox S, Ng F, Harris A, Lewis C.
Association of tumor necrosis factor alpha and its receptors with thymidine phosphorylase expression in invasive breast carcinoma.
Br J Cancer.
1998;
77 (12)
2246-2251
-
54
Liu Y, Cox S, Morita T, Kourembanas S.
Hypoxia regulates vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in endothelial cells. Identification of a 5′ enhancer.
Circ Res.
1995;
77
638-643
-
55
Maisonpierre P, Suri C, Jones P, Bartunkova S, Wiegand S, Radziejewski C. et al .
Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis.
Science.
1997;
277 (5322)
55-60
-
56
McLaren J, Prentice A, Charnock-Jones D, Millican S, Muller K, Sharkey A. et al .
Vascular endothelial growth factor is produced by peritoneal fluid macrophages in endometriosis and is regulated by ovarian steroids.
J Clin Invest.
1996;
98
482-489
-
57
McLaren J, Prentice A, Charnock-Jones D, Smith S.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations are elevated in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis.
Hum Reprod.
1996;
11
220-223
-
58
Michishita M, Minegishi T, Abe K, Kangawa K, Kojima M, Ibuki Y.
Expression of adrenomedullin in the endometrium of the human uterus.
Obstet Gynecol.
1999;
93 (1)
66-70
-
59
Miller T A, Bulman A L, Thompson C D, Garst M E, Macdonald T L.
Synthesis and structure-activity profiles of A-homoestranes, the estratropones.
J Med Chem.
1997;
40 (23)
3836-3841
-
60
Milne S, Critchley H, Drudy T, Kelly R, Baird D.
Perivascular interleukin-8 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human endometrium varies across the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy decidua.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1999;
84 (7)
2563-2567
-
61
Moghaddam A, Zhang H T, Fan T P, Hu D E, Lees V C, Turley H. et al .
Thymidine phosphorylase is angiogenic and promotes tumor growth.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1995;
92 (4)
998-1002
-
62
Mori H, Sawairi M, Nakagawa M, Itoh N, Wada K, Tamaya T.
Expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta messenger rebonucleic acid (mRNA) and IL-1 receptor antagonist mRNA in peritoneal macrophages from patients with endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1992;
57 (3)
535-542
-
63
Motro B, Itin A, Sachs L, Keshet E.
Pattern of interleukin 6 gene expression in vivo suggests a role for this cytokine in angiogenesis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1990;
87 (8)
3092-3096
-
64
Mueller M, Lebovic D, Minchenko A, Vigne J, Leitman D, Taylor R.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) gene transcription is regulated by estrogen receptor in human endometrial cells.
J Soc Gynecol Investig.
2000;
7 (Suppl 1)
48
-
65
Mueller M D, Lebovic D I, Garrett E, Taylor R N.
Neutrophils infiltrating the endometrium express Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF): potential role in endometrial angiogenesis.
Fertil Steril.
2000;
74 (1)
107-112
-
66
Munson L, Upadhyaya N, Van Meter S.
Platelet-derived growth factor promotes endometrial epithelial cell proliferation.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1995;
173
1820-1825
-
67
Nelson K, Takahashi T, Bossert N, Walmer D, McLachlan J.
Epidermal growth factor replaces estrogen in the stimulation of female genital-tract growth and differentiation.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1991;
88
21-25
-
68
Nicosia R, Nicosia S, Smith M.
Vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 promote rat aortic angiogenesis in vitro.
Am J Pathol.
1994;
145
1023-1029
-
69
Nisolle M, Casanas Roux B, Anaf V, Mine J, Donnez J.
Morphometric study of the stromal vascularization in peritoneal endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1993;
59 (3)
681-684
-
70
Odukoya O A, Ajjan R, Lim K, Watson P F, Weetman A P, Cooke I D.
The pattern of cytokine mRNA expression in ovarian endometriomata.
Mol Hum Reprod.
1997;
3 (5)
393-397
-
71
Olive D, Montoya I, Riehl R, Schenken R.
Macrophage-conditioned media enhance endometrial stromal cell proliferation in vitro.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1991;
164
953-958
-
72
Oosterlynck D, Meuleman C, Waer M, Koninckx P.
Tansforming growth factor-beta activity is increased in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis.
Obstet Gynecol.
1994;
83
287-292
-
73
O'Reilly M S, Homgren L, Shing Y, Chen C, Rosenthal R, Moses M. et al .
Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma.
Cell.
1994;
88
1-20
-
74
Osteen K, Bruner K, Sharpe-Timms K.
Steroid and growth factor regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression and endometriosis.
Sem Reprod Endocrinol.
1996;
14 (3)
247-255
-
75
Patterson C, Perrella M, Endege W, Yoshizumi M, Lee M, Haber E.
Downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cultured human vascular endothelial cells.
J Clin Invest.
1996;
98 (2)
490-496
-
76
Peters K, Coogan A, Berry D, Marks J, Iglehart J, Kontos C. et al .
Expression of Tie2/Tek in breast tumour vasculature provides a new marker for evaluation of tumour angiogenesis.
Br J Cancer.
1998;
77
51-56
-
77
Peters K G.
Vascular endothelial growth factor and the angiopoietins: working together to build a better blood vessel.
Circ Res.
1998;
83 (3)
342-343
-
78
Piva M, Sharpe-Timms K L.
Peritoneal endometriotic lesions differentially express a haptoglobin-like gene.
Mol Hum Reprod.
1999;
5 (1)
71-78
-
79
Rana N, Braun D P, House R, Gebel H, Rotman C, Dmowski W P.
Basal and stimulated secretion of cytokines by peritoneal macrophages in women with endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1996;
65 (5)
925-930
-
80
Rier S, Parsons A, Becker J.
Altered interleukin-6 production by peritoneal leukocytes from patients with endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1994;
61 (2)
294-299
-
81
Rier S E, Martin D C, Bowman R E, Dmowski W P, Becker J L.
Endometriosis in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following chronic exposure to 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Fund Appl Toxicol.
1993;
21 (4)
433-441
-
82
Rier S E, Zarmakoupis P N, Hu X, Becker J L.
Dysregulation of interleukin-6 responses in ectopic endometrial stromal cells: correlation with decreased soluble receptor levels in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1995;
80 (4)
1431-1437
-
83
Rippy M K, Lee D R, Pearson S L, Bernal J C, Kuehl T J.
Identification of rhesus macaques with spontaneous endometriosis.
J Med Primatol.
1996;
25 (5)
346-355
-
84
Ryan I, Tseng J, Schriock E, Khorram O, Landers D, Taylor R.
Interleukin-8 concentrations are elevated in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1995;
63 (4)
929-932
-
85
Ryan I P, Schriock E D, Taylor R N.
Isolation, characterization, and comparison of human endometrial and endometriosis cells in vitro.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1994;
78 (3)
642-649
-
86
Sampson J.
Peritoneal Endometriosis due to to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1927;
14
422-469
-
87
Sangha R, Li X, Shams M, Ahmed A.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 is a critical component for endometrial remodeling: localization and expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and FGF-R1 in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle and decreased FGF-R1 expression in menorrhagia.
Lab Invest.
1997;
77 (4)
389-402
-
88
Schriock E, Monroe S, Henzl M, Jaffe R.
Treatment of endometriosis with a potent agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (nafarelin).
Fertil Steril.
1985;
44
583-588
-
89
Seli E, Zeyneloglu H B, Senturk L M, Bahtiyar O M, Olive D L, Arici A.
Basic fibroblast growth factor: peritoneal and follicular fluid levels and its effect on early embryonic development.
Fertil Steril.
1998;
69 (6)
1145-1148
-
90
Sharpe K, Zimmer R, Griffin W, Penney L.
Polypeptides synthesized and released by human endometriosis differ from those of the uterine endometrium in cell and tissue explant culture.
Fertil Steril.
1993;
60 (5)
839-851
-
91
Sharpe K L, Vernon M W.
Polypeptides synthesized and released by rat ectopic uterine implants differ from those of the uterus in culture.
Biol Reprod.
1993;
48 (6)
1334-1340
-
92
Sharpe-Timms K L.
Basic research in endometriosis.
Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am.
1997;
24 (2)
269-290
-
93
Shifren J, Tseng J, Zaloudek C, Ryan I, Meng Y, Ferrara N. et al .
Ovarian steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in the human endometrium: implications for angiogenesis during the menstrual cycle and in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1996;
81 (8)
3112-3118
-
94
Shimazawa R, Miyachi H, Takayama H, Kuroda K, Kato F, Kato M. et al .
Antiangiogenic activity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production regulators derived from thalidomide.
Biol Pharmaceut Bulletin.
1993;
22 (2)
224-226
-
95
Sillem M, Prifti S, Neher M, Runnebaum B.
Extracellular matrix remodelling in the endometrium and its possible relevance to the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Hum Reprod Update.
1998;
4 (5)
730-735
-
96
Surrey E, Halme J.
Effect of platelet-derived growth factor on endometrial stromal cell proliferation in vitro: a model for endometriosis?.
Fertil Steril.
1991;
56
672-679
-
97
Tabibzadeh S.
Evidence of T cell activation and potential cytokine action in human endometrium.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1990;
71
645-653
-
98
Tabibzadeh S, Kong Q F, Babaknia A, May L T.
Progressive rise in the expression of interleukin-6 in human endometrium during menstrual cycle is initiated during the implantation window.
Hum Reprod.
1995;
10 (10)
2793-2799
-
99
Tabibzadeh S, Satyaswaroop P, Rao P.
Antiproliferative effect of interferon-g in human endometrial epithelial cell in vitro: potential local growth modulatory role in endometrium.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1988;
67
131-138
-
100
Tao X J, Sayegh R A, Isaacson K B.
Increased expression of complement component 3 in human ectopic endometrium compared with the matched eutopic endometrium.
Fertil Steril.
1997;
68 (3)
460-467
-
101
Taylor R, Ryan I, Moore E, Hornung D, Shifren J, Tseng J.
Angiogenesis and macrophage activation in endometriosis.
Ann NY Acad Sci.
1997;
828
194-207
-
102 Taylor R, Ryan I, Tseng J, Shifren J, Hornung D, Lebovic D. Ovarian Steroids and Angiogenesis. Understanding Endometriosis. Advances in Research and Practice. Carnforth; Parthenon 2000: in press
-
103
Treloar S, O'Connor D, O'Connor V, Martin N.
Genetic influences on endometriosis in an Australian twin sample.
Fertil Steril.
1999;
71 (4)
701-710
-
104
Tseng J, Ryan I, Milam T, Murai J, Schriock E, Landers D. et al .
Interleukin-6 secretion in vitro is up-regulated in ectopic and eutopic endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1996;
81 (3)
1118-1122
-
105
Tsudo T, Harada T, Iwabe T, Tanikawa M, Nagano Y, Ito M. et al .
Altered gene expression and secretion of interleukin-6 in stromal cells derived from endometriotic tissues.
Fertil Steril.
2000;
73 (2)
205-211
-
106
Tsuruoka N, Sugiyama M, Tawaragi Y, Tsujimoto M, Nishihara T, Goto T. et al .
Inhibition of in vitro angiogenesis by lymphotoxin and interferon gamma.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun.
1988;
155 (1)
429-435
-
107
Van der Linden P, de Goeif A, Dunselman G, Erkens H W, Evers J.
Endometrial cell adhesion in an in vitro model using intact amniotic membranes.
Fertil Steril.
1996;
65
76-80
-
108
Vandermolen D T, Gu Y.
Human endometrial interleukin-6 (IL-6): in vivo messenger ribonucleic acid expression, in vitro protein production, and stimulation thereof by IL-1 beta.
Fertil Steril.
1996;
66 (5)
741-747
-
109
Witz C A, Monotoya-Rodriguez I A, Schenken R S.
Whole explants of peritoneum and endometrium: a novel model of the early endometriosis lesion.
Fertil Steril.
1999;
71 (1)
56-60
-
110
Wu M H, Yang B C, Hsu C C, Lee Y C, Huang K E.
The expression of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1998;
70 (6)
1139-1142
-
111
Zetter B R.
Angiogenesis and tumor metastasis.
Annu Rev Med.
1998;
49
407-424
-
112
Zhang L, Mackenzie I, Rees M, Bicknell R.
Regulation of the expression of the angiogenic enzyme platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase in endometrial isolates by ovarian steroids and cytokines.
Endocrinology.
1997;
138 (11)
4921-4930
-
113
Zhou J, Dsupin B, Giudice L, Bondy C.
Insulin-like growth factor system gene expression in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1994;
79
1723-1734
Dr. med. M. D. Mueller
Oberarzt Frauenklinik des Inselspitals
Schanzeneckstrasse 1
3012 Bern
Schweiz
