RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-11481
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Prädiktive Untersuchungen bei phänotypisch gesunden Nachkommen von Patienten mit einem metabolischen Syndrom[¹]
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
31. Dezember 2001 (online)

Die Krankheitsbilder und Stoffwechselstörungen, die zum metabolischen Syndrom zusammenfasst werden, sind entscheidende Faktoren in der Pathogenese der Atherosklerose [30] und tragen als Risikofaktoren für kardiovaskuläre und mikrovaskuläre Erkrankungen erheblich zur Morbidität und Mortalität in der Gesamtbevölkerung bei. Da sie sich schleichend entwickeln und - abgesehen von der Adipositas - im Frühstadium keine Beschwerden oder äußerlich erkennbaren Stigmata hinterlassen, werden sie oft erst erkannt, wenn Folgeerkrankungen schon eingetreten oder nicht mehr völlig zu verhindern sind.
Das metabolische Syndrom folgt zwar keinem einfachen Mendelschen Erbgang, wird aber trotzdem zu einem beträchtlichen Teil genetisch determiniert. Daher sind Angehörige, insbesondere Nachkommen von Patienten besonders gefährdet, selbst zu erkranken.
An noch gesunden Nachkommen von Erkrankten kann daher einerseits gut die Pathogenese und die frühe Krankheitsentwicklung studiert werden. Aufgrund des erhöhten Risikos bedürfen sie andererseits im Sinne einer präventiven Medizin besonderer Aufmerksamkeit. Gezielte Untersuchungen zur Identifikation von Risikopatienten sind in dieser Gruppe besonders effektiv.
Der vorliegende Artikel fasst eine Auswahl der Erkenntnisse zusammen, die durch Untersuchungen an Nachkommen zur Pathogenese gewonnen wurden. Weiterhin werden Möglichkeiten der Früherkennung in der klinischen Praxis diskutiert. Als Grundlage für diese Überlegungen werden einige aktuelle Daten zur Heredität vorgestellt.
1 Teile der Arbeit wurden unterstützt durch ein DFG-Stipendium (Le 493/3-1) und durch Forschungsförderung der Fa. Aventis.
Literatur
- 1
Ambrosch A, Muhlen I, Kopf D, Augustin W, Dierkes J, Konig W, Luley C, Lehnert H.
LDL
size distribution in relation to insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein
pattern in young and healthy subjects.
Diabetes Care.
1998;
21
2077-2084
MissingFormLabel
- 2
Annest J L, Sing C F, Biron P, Mongeau J G.
Familial aggregation
of blood pressure and weight in adoptive families. II. Estimation
of the relative contributions of genetic and common environmental factors
to blood pressure correlations between family members.
Am
J Epidemiol.
1979;
110
492-503
MissingFormLabel
- 3
Barker D J, Winter P D, Osmond C, Margetts B, Simmonds S J.
Weight in
infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease.
Lancet.
1989;
2
577-580
MissingFormLabel
- 4
Baron A D, Steinberg H O, Chaker H, Leaming R, Johnson A, Brechtel G.
Insulin-mediated skeletal
muscle vasodilation contributes to both insulin sensitivity and
responsiveness in lean humans.
J Clin Invest.
1995;
96
786-792
MissingFormLabel
- 5
Baron A D, Tarshoby M, Hook G, Lazaridis E N, Cronin J, Johnson A, Steinberg H O.
Interaction
between insulin sensitivity and muscle perfusion on glucose uptake
in human skeletal muscle: evidence for capillary recruitment.
Diabetes.
2000;
49
768-774
MissingFormLabel
- 6
Beatty O L, Harper R, Sheridan B, Atkinson A B, Bell P M.
Insulin
resistance in offspring of hypertensive parents.
BMJ.
1993;
307
92-96
MissingFormLabel
- 7
Cardillo C, Nambi S S, Kilcoyne C M, Choucair W K, Katz A, Quon M J, Panza J A.
Insulin
stimulates both endothelin and nitric oxide activity in the human
forearm.
Circulation.
1999;
100
820-825
MissingFormLabel
- 8
Dabelea D, Hanson R L, Lindsay R S, Pettitt D J, Imperatore G, Gabir M M, Roumain J, Bennett P H, Knowler W C.
Intrauterine
exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity:
A study of discordant sibships.
Diabetes.
2000;
49
2208-2211
MissingFormLabel
- 9
Endre T, Mattiasson I, Berglund G, Hulthen U L.
Insulin
and renal sodium retention in hypertension-prone men.
Hypertension.
1994;
23
313-319
MissingFormLabel
- 10
Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, Giorico M A, Oleggini M, Graziadei L, Pedrinelli R, Brandi L, Bevilacqua S.
Insulin
resistance in essential hypertension.
N Engl J Med.
1987;
317
350-357
MissingFormLabel
- 11
Ferrari P, Weidmann P, Shaw S, Giachino D, Riesen W, Allemann Y, Heynen G.
Altered
insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia in individuals
with a hypertensive parent.
Am J Med.
1991;
91
589-596
MissingFormLabel
- 12
Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy R P, Haffner S M.
Chronic
subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome:
The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS).
Circulation.
2000;
102
42-47
MissingFormLabel
- 13
Forsblom C M, Kanninen T, Lehtovirta M, Saloranta C, Groop L C.
Heritability
of albumin excretion rate in families of patients with Type II diabetes.
Diabetologia.
1999;
42
1359-1366
MissingFormLabel
- 14
Foss C H, Vestbo E, Froland A, Gjessing H J, Mogensen C E, Damsgaard E M.
Normal blood
pressure and preserved diurnal variation in offspring of type 2
diabetic patients characterized by features of the metabolic syndrome:
The Fredericia Study.
Diabetes Care.
2000;
23
283-289
MissingFormLabel
- 15
Gerin W, Pickering T G.
Association
between delayed recovery of blood pressure after acute mental stress
and parental history of hypertension.
J Hypertens.
1995;
13
603-610
MissingFormLabel
- 16
Grandi A M, Poletti L, Tettamanti F, Finardi G, Venco A.
Left
ventricular anatomy and function in normotensive young adults with hypertensive
parents. Study at rest and during handgrip.
Am J Hypertens.
1995;
8
154-159
MissingFormLabel
- 17
Groop L.
Genetics
of visceral obesity and insulin resistance: Relationship to non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus.
Growth Horm IGF Res.
1998;
8
9-14
(Suppl B)
MissingFormLabel
- 18
Grunfeld B, Gimenez M, Balzaretti M, Rabinovich L, Romo M, Simsolo R.
Insulin effect on renal
sodium reabsorption in adolescent offspring of essential hypertensive
parents.
Hypertension.
1995;
26
1089-1092
MissingFormLabel
- 19
Gurlek A, Bayraktar M, Kirazli S.
Increased plasminogen
activator inhibitor-1 activity in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients:
Lack of association with plasma insulin levels.
Diabetes
Care.
2000;
23
88-92
MissingFormLabel
- 20
Hales C N, Barker D J, Clark P M, Cox L J, Fall C, Osmond C, Winter P D.
Fetal
and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64.
BMJ.
1991;
303
1019-1022
MissingFormLabel
- 21
Hall J E.
Mechanisms
of abnormal renal sodium handling in obesity hypertension.
Am
J Hypertens.
1997;
10
49S-55S
MissingFormLabel
- 22
Hausberg M, Sinkey C A, Mark A L, Hoffman R P, Anderson E A.
Sympathetic
nerve activity and insulin sensitivity in normotensive offspring
of hypertensive parents.
Am J Hypertens.
1998;
11
1312-1320
MissingFormLabel
- 23
Jacob S, Stumvoll M, Becker R, Koch M, Nielsen M, Loblein K, Maerker E, Volk A, Renn W, Balletshofer B, Machicao F, Rett K, Haring H U.
The PPARgamma2
polymorphism pro12Ala is associated with better insulin sensitivity
in the offspring of type 2 diabetic patients.
Horm Metab
Res.
2000;
32
413-416
MissingFormLabel
- 24
Joost H G, Giesen K, Kluge R, Ortlepp J, Plum L.
Insulinresistenz und metabolisches
Syndrom.
Z Kardiol.
2000;
89
377-382
MissingFormLabel
- 25
Kopf D, Cheng L S, Blandau P, Hsueh W, Xiang A, Buchanan T A, Raffel L J, Lusis A J, Rotter J I.
Insulin sensitivity
is linked to the C825T polymorphism in the G-protein b3-subunit
gene, a candidate gene of hypertension.
Diabetologia.
2000;
43
A88
MissingFormLabel
- 26
Kopf D, Mühlen I, Ambrosch A, Lehnert H.
Insulin
Resistance and hypertension - investigations in normotensive
offspring of hypertensive patients.
Diab Stoffw.
1996;
5
209-214
MissingFormLabel
- 27
Kopf D, Mühlen I, Kröning G, Sendzik I, Huschke B, Lehnert H.
Insulin
sensitivity and sodium excretion in normotensive offspring and hyertensive
patients.
Metabolism.
2001;
submitted
MissingFormLabel
- 28
Lascaux-Lefebvre V, Ruidavets J, Arveiler D, Amouyel P, Haas B, Cottel D, Bingham A, Ducimetiere P, Ferrieres J.
Influence of parental
history of hypertension on blood pressure.
J Hum Hypertens.
1999;
13
631-636
MissingFormLabel
- 29
Liese A D, Mayer-Davis E J, Chambless L E, Folsom A R, Sharrett A R, Brancati F L, Heiss G.
Elevated
fasting insulin predicts incident hypertension: The ARIC study.
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators.
J
Hypertens.
1999;
17
1169-1177
MissingFormLabel
- 30
Lusis A J.
Atherosclerosis.
Nature.
2000;
407
233-241
MissingFormLabel
- 31
Martinez J A.
Obesity
in young Europeans: Genetic and environmental influences.
Eur
J Clin Nutr.
2000;
54
S56-60
(Suppl 1)
MissingFormLabel
- 32
Matsumoto K, Sakamaki H, Izumino K, Yano M, Ueki Y, Miyake S, Tominaga Y.
Increased insulin sensitivity
and decreased insulin secretion in offspring of insulin-sensitive
type 2 diabetic patients.
Metabolism.
2000;
49
1219-1223
MissingFormLabel
- 33
Mazzanti L, Rabini R A, Testa I, Coppa G V, Catassi C, Cecconi M, Giorgi P L.
Sodium
metabolism in offspring of hypertensive parents.
Biochem
Med Metab Biol.
1991;
45
181-187
MissingFormLabel
- 34
Meigs J B, Cupples L A, Wilson P W.
Parental
transmission of type 2 diabetes: The Framingham Offspring Study.
Diabetes.
2000;
49
2201-2207
MissingFormLabel
- 35
Meigs J B, Nathan D M, Wilson P W, Cupples L A, Singer D E.
Metabolic
risk factors worsen continuously across the spectrum of nondiabetic
glucose tolerance. The Framingham Offspring Study.
Ann Intern
Med.
1998;
128
524-533
MissingFormLabel
- 36
Miller S B.
Parasympathetic
nervous system control of heart rate responses to stress in offspring
of hypertensives.
Psychophysiology.
1994;
31
11-16
MissingFormLabel
- 37
Noll G, Wenzel R R, Schneider M, Oesch V, Binggeli C, Shaw S, Weidmann P, Luscher T F.
Increased
activation of sympathetic nervous system and endothelin by mental
stress in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents.
Circulation.
1996;
93
866-869
MissingFormLabel
- 38
Nyholm B, Porksen N, Juhl C B, Gravholt C H, Butler P C, Weeke J, Veldhuis J D, Pincus S, Schmitz O.
Assessment of insulin
secretion in relatives of patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent)
diabetes mellitus: evidence of early beta-cell dysfunction.
Metabolism.
2000;
49
896-905
MissingFormLabel
- 39
Nyholm B, Walker M, Gravholt C H, Shearing P A, Sturis J, Alberti K G, Holst J J, Schmitz O.
Twenty-four-hour
insulin secretion rates, circulating concentrations of fuel substrates
and gut incretin hormones in healthy offspring of Type II (non-insulin-dependent)
diabetic parents: Evidence of several aberrations.
Diabetologia.
1999;
42
1314-1323
MissingFormLabel
- 40
Ohno Y, Suzuki H, Yamakawa H, Nakamura M, Otsuka K, Saruta T.
Impaired
insulin sensitivity in young, lean normotensive offspring of essential
hypertensives: possible role of disturbed calcium metabolism.
J
Hypertens.
1993;
11
421-426
MissingFormLabel
- 41
Ordovas J M, Cupples L A, Corella D, Otvos J D, Osgood D, Martinez A, Lahoz C, Coltell O, Wilson P W, Schaefer E J.
Association
of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-TaqIB polymorphism with variations
in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease risk: The Framingham
study.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
2000;
20
1323-1329
MissingFormLabel
- 42
Orho-Melander M, Almgren P, Kanninen T, Forsblom C, Groop L C.
A paired-sibling
analysis of the XbaI polymorphism in the muscle glycogen synthase
gene.
Diabetologia.
1999;
42
1138-1145
MissingFormLabel
- 43
Piccirillo G, Viola E, Nocco M, Durante M, Tarantini S, Marigliano V.
Autonomic
modulation of heart rate and blood pressure in normotensive offspring
of hypertensive subjects.
J Lab Clin Med.
2000;
135
145-152
MissingFormLabel
- 44
Pierce M, Ridout D, Harding D, Keen H, Bradley C.
More
good than harm: A randomised controlled trial of the effect of education about
familial risk of diabetes on psychological outcomes.
Br
J Gen Pract.
2000;
50
867-871
MissingFormLabel
- 45
Pontiroli A E, Monti L D, Pizzini A, Piatti P.
Familial clustering of
arterial blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, and pro-insulin but not
of insulin resistance and microalbuminuria in siblings of patients with
type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care.
2000;
23
1359-1364
MissingFormLabel
- 46
Richey J M, Ader M, Moore D, Bergman R N.
Angiotensin
II induces insulin resistance independent of changes in interstitial
insulin.
Am J Physiol.
1999;
277
E920-926
MissingFormLabel
- 47
Sharma A M, Moeller T, Engeli S.
Hypertonie
bei Adipositas: Epidemiologie, Pathophysiologie und Behandlungsansatze.
Dtsch
Med Wschr.
1999;
124
1337-1341
MissingFormLabel
- 48
Sharma A M, Schorr U, Distler A.
Insulin
resistance in young salt-sensitive normotensive subjects.
Hypertension.
1993;
21
273-279
MissingFormLabel
- 49
Siffert W, Rosskopf D, Siffert G, Busch S, Moritz A, Erbel R, Sharma A M, Ritz E, Wichmann H E, Jakobs K H, Horsthemke B.
Association of a
human G-protein beta3 subunit variant with hypertension.
Nat
Genet.
1998;
18
45-48
MissingFormLabel
- 50
Stern M P, Morales P A, Valdez R A, Monterrosa A, Haffner S M, Mitchell B D, Hazuda H P.
Predicting
diabetes. Moving beyond impaired glucose tolerance.
Diabetes.
1993;
42
706-714
MissingFormLabel
- 51
Turner S T, Reilly S L.
Renal sodium
excretion in sons of hypertensive parents.
Hypertension.
1993;
22
323-330
MissingFormLabel
- 52
Valek J, Valkova L, Vlasakova Z, Topinka V.
Increased
fibrinogen levels in the offspring of hypertensive men. Relation
with hyperinsulinemia and the metabolic syndrome.
Arterioscler
Thromb Vasc Biol.
1995;
15
2229-2233
MissingFormLabel
- 53
Xiang A H, Azen S P, Raffel L J, Tan S, Cheng L S, Diaz J, Toscano E, Henderson P C, Hodis H N, Hsueh W A, Rotter J I, Buachanan T A.
Evidence
for joint genetic control of insulin sensitivity and systolic blood
pressure in hispanic families with a hypertensive proband.
Circulation.
2001;
103
78-83
MissingFormLabel
1 Teile der Arbeit wurden unterstützt durch ein DFG-Stipendium (Le 493/3-1) und durch Forschungsförderung der Fa. Aventis.
Korrespondenz
Prof. Dr. H. Lehnert
Klinik für Endokrinologie undStoffwechselkrankheitenOtto-von-Guericke-Universität
Leipziger Straße 44
39120 Magdeburg
Telefon: 0391/6715445
Fax: 0391/6715445