Zusammenfassung
Der Zusammenhang zwischen übermäßigem Alkoholkonsum und dem Auftreten von Krebserkrankungen wird bei den malignen Erkrankungen der Speiseröhre und des Mund-Rachen-Raumes besonders deutlich. Weitere Organe, die eine signifikant erhöhte Inzidenz für Krebserkrankungen bei Alkoholabusus aufweisen, sind die Leber und die weibliche Brust. Für den Zusammenhang zwischen Alkoholmissbrauch und Dickdarmkrebs gibt es Hinweise, während der Einfluss von Alkoholabusus auf maligne Entartungen anderer Organe als unwahrscheinlich gilt. Ethanol selbst kann keine direkte krebserzeugende Wirkung zugeschrieben werden. Als mögliche Mechanismen, die bei übermäßigem Alkoholkonsum zur Zellentartung führen, werden eine erhöhte, durch die Löseeigenschaften von Alkohol hervorgerufene Migration von (Pro-)Kanzerogenen in die Zelle und eine Störung der Funktion von Leukozyten diskutiert, die an der Bekämpfung entarteter Zellen beteiligt sind. Des Weiteren werden die Induktion von Enzymen (Zytochrom P450), deren Aktivierung eine Giftung von Prokarzinogenen zur Folge hat und die Bildung von Azetaldehyd, dem ersten Stoffwechselprodukt von Ethanol, als wichtige Ursachen der Krebsentstehung angesehen. Eine aktuelle Hypothese berücksichtigt die Interferenzen zwischen dem Ethanol- und Retinoidstoffwechsel als mögliche Ursache der Zellentartung. Der bei Alkoholikern beobachtbare signifikant niedrigere Plasmaspiegel an Vitaminen und Spurenelementen (vor allem die Vitamine Folsäure, B1, B6 und Zink) kann zu einer Einschränkung bei der Methylierung von DNA führen, die gleichfalls mit einer Risikoerhöhung für maligne Erkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht wird. Dies kann auf eine Störung der intestinalen Absorption zurückgeführt werden, die auch einen Mangel an antioxidativ wirksamen Vitaminen und Spurenelementen (Tocopherol, Vitamin C, Zink, Selen) zur Folge haben kann.
Alcohol and Cancer
Neoplasias of the aero-digestive tract are the most common types of cancer occurring after excess alcohol consumption. The mammary gland and the liver are further organs in which the effect of alcohol abuse on cancer development has been verified. Chronic alcohol intake seems to contribute to formation of colorectal neoplasms, but the induction of malignant processes in other organs by alcohol seems unlikely. Ethanol itself is generally accepted not to possess any direct carcinogenic properties. Increased migration of (pro-)carcinogens into the cell due to the solvent-mediated effects of ethanol and an impairment of leukocyte function being involved in killing of malignant cells are mechanisms discussed as causes for carcinogenesis. Further effects of chronic alcohol consumption are induction of enzymes (cytochrome P450) being involved in toxification of procarcinogens and formation of acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol. A current theory deals with the interaction between alcohol and retinoid metabolism as a possible reason for development of colorectal cancer. In alcoholics, decreased plasma levels of folic acid, vitamins B1, B6 and zinc can lead to a limited DNA methylation, which in turn may result in a loss of controlled cell growth. The reason for this is rather a limited absorption than supplementation with these micronutrients. Just as for zinc, the same holds true for tocopherol, vitamin C and selenium, which are also deficient in the plasma of alcoholics, which may lead to an impairment of antioxidative mechanisms protecting cells against DNA damage.
Literatur
-
1
Lamu L.
Etude de statistique clinique de 131 cas de cancer de l'œsophage et du cardia.
Arch Appar Dig Mal Nutr.
1910;
4
451-456
-
2
Seitz H K, Pöschl G.
Alcohol and cancer: pathogenetic mechanisms.
Addiction Biol 2.
1996;
2
19-33
-
3
Tuyns A J, Esteve J, Raymond L. et al .
Cancer of the larynx/hypopharynx, tobacco and alcohol: IARC international case-control study in Turin and Varese (Italy), Zaragoza and Navarra (Spain), Geneva (Switzerland) and Calvados (France).
Int J Cancer.
1988;
41
483-491
-
4
Maier H, Dietz A, Zielinski D, Junemann K H, Heller W D.
Risk factors for squamous epithelial carcinoma of the mouth, the oropharynx, the hypopharynx and the larynx.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
1990;
115
843-850
-
5 Austin H. et al .The role of tobacco use and alcohol consumption in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. In Etiology, pathology, and treatment of hepatocelluler carcinoma in North America. Houston, TX; Gulf Publishing Co. 1991: 57-75
-
6 World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. Colon, Rectum. In: Food Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington; American Institute for Cancer Research 1997: 216-251
-
7
Tanaka K, Hirohata T, Takeshita S. et al .
Hepatitis B virus, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in Fukuoka, Japan.
Int J Cancer.
1992;
51
509-514
-
8 IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human: Alcohol Drinking International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon; 1988 44, entire issue
-
9
Williams R R, Horm J W.
Association of cancer sites with tobacco and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status of patients: interview study from the Third National Cancer Survey.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1977;
58
525-547
-
10
Rosenberg L, Palmer J R, Miller D R, Clarke E A, Shapiro S.
A case-control study of alcoholic beverage consumption and breast cancer.
Am J Epidemiol.
1990;
131
6-14
-
11
Longnecker M P.
Alcoholic beverage consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis and review.
Cancer Causes Control.
1994;
5
73-82
-
12
Stocks P.
Cancer incidence in North Wales and Liverpool region to habits and environment.
Brit Emp Cancer Campain 35thAnnual Report Suppl to Part 2..
1957;
1
127
-
13
Boutron M C, Faivre J, Dop M C, Quipourt V, Senesse P.
Tobacco, alcohol, and colorectal tumors: a multistep process.
Am J Epidemiol.
1995;
141
1038-1046
-
14
Kearney J, Giovannucci E, Rimm E B. et al .
Diet, alcohol, and smoking and the occurrence of hyperplastic polyps of the colon and rectum (United States).
Cancer Causes Control.
1995;
6
45-56
-
15 WHO. World Health Organization. The World Health Report Geneva. WHO 1990
-
16
Seitz H K, Simanowski U A.
Alcohol and carcinogenesis.
Annu Rev Nutr.
1988;
8
99-119
-
17
Bulatao-Jayme J, Almero E M, Castro M C, Jardeleza M T, Salamat L A.
A case-control dietary study of primary liver cancer risk from aflatoxin exposure.
Int J Epidemiol.
1982;
11
112-119
-
18
Tamburro C H, Lee H M.
Primary hepatic cancer in alcoholics.
Clin Gastroenterol.
1981;
10
457-477
-
19 Bode C, Parlesak A. Alkohol und Immunologie. In: Singer MV, Teyssen S (eds) Alkohol und Alkoholfolgekrankheiten - Grundlagen, Diagnostik, Therapie. Heidelberg, New York, Berlin; Springer-Verlag 1999: 270-281
-
20
Niemela O.
Acetaldehyde adducts of proteins: diagnostic and pathogenic implications in diseases caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl.
1993;
213
45-54
-
21
Mufti S I, Eskelson C D, Odeleye O E, Nachiappan V.
Alcohol-associated generation of oxygen free radicals and tumor promotion.
Alcohol.
1993;
28
621-628
-
22 Teschke R. Alkoholkrankheit I: Der alkoholabhängige Patient. In: König B, Schmaltz B (eds) Die Allgemeinmedizin. Balingen; Spitta 1998
-
23
DeLuca H F, Roberts A B.
Pathways of retinoic acid and retinol metabolism.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1969;
22
945-952
-
24
Parlesak A, Menzl I, Feuchter A, Bode J C, Bode C.
Inhibition of retinol oxidation by ethanol in the rat liver and colon.
Gut.
2000;
47
825-831
-
25
Bode C, Bode J C, Erhardt J G, French B A, French S W.
Effect of the type of beverage and meat consumed by alcoholics with alcoholic liver disease.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res.
1998;
22
1803-1805
-
26 Bode C. Vitaminimbalance und Prävention, Alkoholabusus. In: Biesalski HK, Schrezenmeir J, Weber P, Weiß HE (eds) Vitamine. Stuttgart; Thieme 1997: 161-164
-
27
Parlesak A, Bode C, Bode J C.
Free methionine supplementation limits alcohol-induced liver damage in rats.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res.
1998;
22
352-358
-
28
Trimble K C, Molloy A M, Scott J M, Weir D G.
The effect of ethanol on one-carbon metabolism: increased methionine catabolism and lipotrope methyl-group wastage.
Hepatology.
1993;
18
984-989
-
29
Wang X D, Liu C, Chung J, Stickel F, Seitz H K, Russell R M.
Chronic alcohol intake reduces retinoic acid concentration and enhances AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) expression in rat liver.
Hepatology.
1998;
28
744-750
-
30
Leo M A, Kim C, Lowe N, Lieber C S.
Interaction of ethanol with beta-carotene: delayed blood clearance and enhanced hepatotoxicity.
Hepatology.
1992;
15
883-891
-
31
Yang C S, Newmark H L.
The role of micronutrient deficiency in carcinogenesis.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol.
1987;
7
267-287
-
32
Yamada Y, Weller R O, Kleihues P, Ludeke B I.
Effects of ethanol and various alcoholic beverages on the formation of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine from concurrently administered N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine in rats: a dose-response study.
Carcinogenesis.
1992;
13
1171-1175
-
33
Yu M C, Tong M J, Govindarajan S, Henderson B E.
Nonviral risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in a low-risk population, the non-Asians of Los Angeles County, California.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1991;
83
1820-1826
-
34
Cordier S, Le T B, Verger P. et al .
Viral infections and chemical exposures as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Vietnam.
Int J Cancer.
1993;
55
196-201
-
35
Reichmann M E, Judd J T, Longcope C. et al .
Effect of alcohol consumption on plasma and urinary hormone concentration in premenopausal women.
JNCI.
1993;
85
722-727
-
36
Ginsburg E S, Walsh B W, Shea B F, Gao X, Gleason R E, Barbieri R L.
The effects of ethanol on the clearance of estradiol in postmenopausal women.
Fertil Steril.
1995;
63
1227-1230
-
37
Hankinson S E, Willett W C, Manson J E. et al .
Alcohol, height, and adiposity in relation to estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1995;
87
1297-1302
-
38
Fearon E R, Vogelstein B.
A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis.
Cell.
1990;
61
759-767
-
39
Giovannucci E, Martinez M E.
Tobacco, colorectal cancer, and adenomas: a review of the evidence.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1996;
88
1717-1730
-
40
Jokelainen K, Roine R P, Vaananen H, Farkkila M, Salaspuro M.
In vitro acetaldehyde formation by human colonic bacteria.
Gut.
1994;
35
1271-1274
Prof. Dr. Christiane Bode
Universität Hohenheim (140)
Abt. für Ernährungsphysiologie
Garbenstraße 28
70593 Stuttgart