To investigate the role of an increase in plasma volume (PV), characteristically observed
with short-term endurance training, on the endocrine response to prolonged moderate
intensity exercise, eight untrained males (V˙O2 peak = 3.52 ± 0.12 l × min-1) performed 90 min of cycle ergometry at approximately 60 % V˙O2peak both before (CON) and following (PVX) PV expansion. Acute PV expansion, which
was accomplished using a solution of Dextran (6 %) or Pentispan (10 %) (6.7 ml kg-1), resulted in a calculated 15.8 ± 2.2 % increase (p < 0.05) in PV. The prolonged
exercise resulted in increases (p < 0.05) in plasma vasopressin (AVP), plasma rennin
activity (PRA), aldosterone (ALD), atrial naturetic peptide (α-ANP), and the catecholamines
norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI). PVX blunted the increases (p < 0.05) in
AVP, PRA, ALD, NE and EPI, during the exercise itself. The concentration of α-ANP
was also lower (p < 0.05) during exercise following PVX, an effect that could be attributed
to the lower resting levels. No differences in osmolality was observed between conditions.
These results demonstrate that PVX alters the fluid regulatory hormonal response in
untrained subjects to moderate intensity dynamic exercise in a manner similar to that
observed following short-term training induced alterations in PV. The specific mechanisms
responsible for these alterations remain unclear, but appear to be related directly
to the increase in PV.
Key words:
Plasma Volume - Aldosterone - Renin - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide - Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine - Arginine Vasopressin
References
- 1
Fallo F.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and physical exercise.
J Sports Med and Phys Fit.
1993;
33
306-312
- 2 Wade C E, Freund B J.
Hormonal control of blood volume during and following exercise. In: Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR (eds). Perspectives in Exercise, Science and Sports Medicine.
Fluid Homeostasis During Exercise. Carmel:; Cooper Publishing Group, 1990: 207-245
- 3
Kanstrup I L, Marving J, Hoilund-Carlsen P F.
Acute plasma volume expansion: left ventricular hemodynamics and endocrine function
during exercise.
J Appl Physiol.
1992;
73
1791-1796
- 4
Freund B J, Wade C E, Claybaugh J R.
Effects of exercise on atrial natriuretic factor.
Sports Med.
1988;
6
364-376
- 5
Freund B J, Shizuru E M, Hashiro G M, Claybaugh J R.
Hormonal, electrolyte, and renal responses to exercise are intensity dependent.
J Appl Physiol.
1991;
70
900-906
- 6
Viru A.
Plasma hormones and physical exercise.
Int J Sports Med.
1992;
13
201-209
- 7
Green H J, Sutton J R, Coates G, Ali M, Jones S.
Response of red cell volume and plasma volume to prolonged training in humans.
J Appl Physiol.
1991;
70
1810-1815
- 8
Green H J, Coates G, Sutton J R, Jones S.
Early adaptations in gas exchange, cardiac function and haematology to prolonged exercise
training in man.
Eur J Appl Physiol.
1991;
63
17-23
- 9
Convertino V A.
Blood volume: its adaptation to endurance training.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1991;
23
1338-1348
- 10
Green H J, Thomson J A, Ball M E, Hughson R L, Houston M E, Sharratt M T.
Alterations in blood volume following short term supramaximal exercise.
J Appl Physiol Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol.
1984;
56
145-149
- 11
Shoemaker J K, Green H J, Ball-Burnett M E, Grant S M.
Relationships between fluid and electrolyte hormones and plasma volume during exercise
with training and detraining.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1998;
30
497-505
- 12
Convertino V A, Brock P J, Keil L C, Bernauer E M, Greenleaf J E.
Exercise training-induced hypervolemia: role of plasma albumin, renin and vasopressin.
J Appl Physiol Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol.
1980;
48
665-669
- 13
Convertino V A, Keil L C, Greenleaf J E.
Plasma volume, renin and vasopressin responses to graded exercise after training.
J Appl Physiol.
1983;
54
508-514
- 14
Galbo H.
Exercise physiology: Humoral function.
Sport Sci Rev.
1992;
1
65-93
- 15
Grant S M, Green H J, Phillips S M, Sutton J R.
Fluid and electrolyte response to exercise and acute plasma volume expansion.
J Appl Physiol.
1996;
81
2386-2392
- 16
Roy B D, Green H J, Grant S M, Tarnopolsky M A.
Acute plasma volume expansion alters cardiovascular but not thermal function during
moderate intensity prolonged exercise.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol.
1999;
78
244-250
- 17
Van Beaumont W, Greenleaf J E, Juhos L.
Disproportional changes in hematocrit, plasma volume, and proteins during exercise
and bed rest.
J Appl Physiol.
1972;
33
55-61
- 18
Green H J, Jones L L, Hughson R L, Painter D C, Farrance B W.
Training-induced hypervolemia: lack of an effect on oxygen utilization during exercise.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1987;
19
202-206
- 19
Hughson R L, Kowalchuk J M, Prime W M, Green H J.
Open-circuit gas exchange analysis in the non-steady state.
Can J Appl Sport Sci.
1980;
5
15-18
- 20
Weicher H, Feraudi M, Hágele H, Plato R.
Electrochemical detection of catecholamines in urine and plasma after separation with
HPLC.
Clin Chim Acta.
1984;
141
17-25
- 21
Green H J, Jones S, Ball-Burnett M, Fraser I.
Early adaptations in blood substrates, metabolites, and hormones to prolonged exercise
training in man.
Can J Physiol and Pharmacol.
1991;
69
1222-1229
- 22 Pedhazur E J. Multiple regression in behavioural research. New York:; Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, 1982: 97-134
- 23
Stebbins C L, Symons J D, McKirnan M D, Hwang F FY.
Factors associated with vasopressin release in exercising swine.
Am J Physiol.
1994;
266
R118-R124
- 24
O’Leary D S, Rossi N F, Churchill P C.
Muscle metaboreflex control of vasopressin and renin release.
Am J Physiol.
1993;
264
H1422-H1427
- 25
Harrison M H.
Heat and exercise: effects on blood volume.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1986;
3
214-223
- 26
Brandenberger G, Candas V, Follenius M, Lipert J P, Kahn J M.
The influence of the initial state of hydration on endocrine responses to exercise
in the heat.
Europ J Appl Physiol.
1989;
58
674-679
- 27
Toto K H.
Endocrine physiology: A comprehensive review.
Crit Care Nursing Clinics in N America.
1994;
6
637-653
- 28
Share L.
Control of vasopressin release: An old but continuing story.
News In Physiol Sci.
1996;
11
7-11
- 29
Melin B, Jimenez C, Savourey G, Bittel J, Cottet-Emard J M, Pequignot J M, Allevard A M,
Gharib C.
Effects of hydration state on hormonal and renal responses during moderate exercise
in the heat.
Eur J Appl Physiol.
1997;
76
320-327
- 30 Guyton A C, Hall J E. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Toronto:; W. B. Saunders
Company, 1996
- 31
Stebbins C L, Symons J D.
Role of angiotensin II in hemodynamic responses to dynamic exercise in miniswine.
J Appl Physiol.
1995;
78
185-190
- 32
Mountain S J, Laird J E, Latzka W A, Sawka M N.
Aldosterone and vasopressin responses in the heat: hydration level and exercise intensity
effects.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1997;
29
661-668
- 33
Dostal D E, Baker K M.
The cardiac renin-angiotensin system. Conceptual, or a regular of cardiac function?.
Circ Res.
1999;
85
643-650
- 34
Reid I A.
Angiotensin II and baroreflex control of heart rate.
News In Physiol Sci.
1996;
11
270-274
- 35
Hossack K F, Adair O V, Crowley S T.
Atrial natriuretic factor production during upright exercise.
Cardiology.
1990;
77
433-442
- 36
Christensen G.
Release of atrial natriuretic factor.
Scand J Clin Lab Invest.
1993;
53
91-100
- 37
Mannix E T, Palange P, Aronoff G R, Manfredi F, Farber M O.
Atrial natriuretic peptide and the renin-aldosterone axis during exercise in man.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1990;
22
785-789
- 38 Galbo H. Hormonal and Metabolic Adaptation to Exercise. New York:; Thieme-Stratton,
1983: 5-56
Dr. H. J. Green
Department of Kinesiology
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, ON
Canada N2L 3G1
Telefon: Phone:+ 1 (519) 888-4567, ext. 3454
Fax: Fax:+ 1 (519) 885-0470
eMail: E-mail:green@healthy.uwaterloo.ca
