Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000068.xml
Semin intervent Radiol 2001; 18(2): 119-130
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15173
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15173
Vena Cava Filters
Jan Namyslowski- Section of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)
ABSTRACT
Vena cava filters play an important role in the management of thromboembolic disease. With careful adherence to preinsertion evaluation, placement technique, and postplacement management, these devices may offer substantial benefits to the patients at risk. Caval filtration devices are reviewed in this article with particular emphasis on those available on the U.S. market. Clinical assessment, technical characteristics, filter performance, and complications are discussed. Vena cava imaging issues pertinent to filter insertion are reviewed. A brief overview of temporary and retrievable filters is included.
KEYWORD
Vena cava filters - thromboembolic disease - venography
REFERENCES
- 1 Mobin-Uddin K, Smith P E, Martinez L O, Lombardo C R, Jude J R. A vena cava filter for the prevention of pulmonary embolus. Surgical Forum . 1967; 18 209-211
- 2 Mobin-Uddin K, McLean R, Bolloki H, Jude J R. Caval interruption for prevention of pulmonary embolism: long term results of a new method. Arch Surg . 1969; 99 711-715
- 3 Cimochowski G E, Evans R H, Zarins C K, Lu C-T, DeMeester T R. Greenfield filter versus Mobin-Uddin umbrella. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1980; 79 358-365
- 4 Greenfield L J, McCurdy J R, Brown P P, Elkins R C. A new intracaval filter permitting continued flow and resolution of emboli. Surgery . 1973; 73 599-606
- 5 Golueke P J, Garrett W V, Thompson J E, Smith B L, Talkington C M. Interruption of the vena cava by means of the Greenfield filter: expanding the indications. Surgery . 1988; 103 111-117
- 6 Rohrer M J, Scheidler M G, Wheeler H B, Cutler B S. Extended indications for placement of an inferior vena cava filter. J Vasc Surg . 1989; 10 44-50
- 7 Norris C S, Greenfield L J, Herrmann J B. Free-floating iliofemoral thrombus. Arch Surg . 1985; 120 806-808
- 8 Baldridge E D, Martin M A, Welling R E. Clinical significance of free-floating venous thrombi. J Vasc Surg . 1990; 11 62-69
- 9 Menzoian J O, Sequeira J C, Doyle J E. Therapeutic and clinical course of deep vein thrombosis. Am J Surg . 1983; 146 581-585
- 10 Pacouret G, Alison D, Pottier J, Bertrand P, Charbonnier B. Free-floating thrombus and embolic risk in patients with angiographically confirmed proximal deep venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med . 1997; 157 305-308
- 11 Rogers, F B, Shackford S R, Ricci M A, Wilson J T, Parsons S. Routine prophylactic vena cava filter insertion in severely injured trauma patients decreases the incidence of pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Surg . 1995; 180 641-647
- 12 O'Malley K F, Ross S E. Pulmonary embolism in major trauma patients. J Trauma . 1990; 30 748-750
- 13 Winchell R J, Hoyt D B, Walsh J C, Simons R K, Eastman A B. Risk factors associated with pulmonary embolism despite routine prophylaxis: implications for improved protection. J Trauma . 1994; 37 600-606
- 14 Rogers F B, Strindberg G, Shackford S R. Five-year follow-up of prophylactic vena cava filters in high-risk trauma patients. Arch Surg . 1998; 133 406-411
- 15 Khansarinia S, Dennis J W, Veldenz H C, Butcher J L, Hartland L. Prophylactic Greenfield filter placement in selected high-risk trauma patients. J Vasc Surg . 1995; 22 231-236
- 16 Leach T A, Pastena J A, Swan K G. Surgical prophylaxis for pulmonary embolism. Am Surg . 1994; 60 292-295
- 17 Geerts W H, Code K I, Jay R M, Chen E, Szalai J P. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med . 1994; 331 1601-1606
- 18 Rodriguez J L, Lopez J M, Proctor M C. Early placement of prophylactic vena caval filters in injured patients at high risk for pulmonary embolism. J Trauma . 1996; 40 797-804
- 19 Patton Jr H J, Fabian T C, Croce M A. Prophylactic Greenfield filters: acute complications and long-term follow-up. J Trauma . 1996; 41 231-237
- 20 Langan III M E, Miller R S, Casey III J W. Prophylactic inferior vena cava filters in trauma patients at high risk: follow-up examination and risk/benefit assessment. J Vasc Surg . 1999; 30 484-490
- 21 McMurtry A L, Owings J T, Anderson J T, Battistella F D, Gosselin R. Increased use of prophylactic vena cava filters in trauma patients failed to decrease overall incidence of pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Surg . 1999; 189 314-320
- 22 AbuRahma A F, Robinson P A, Boland J P. Therapeutic and prophylactic vena caval interruption for pulmonary embolism: caval and venous insertion site patency. Ann Vasc Surg . 1993; 7 561-568
- 23 Greenfield L J, Rutherford R B. Recommended reporting standards for vena caval filter placement and patient follow-up. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1999; 10 1013-1019
- 24 Greenfield L J, Michna B A. Twelve-year clinical experience with the Greenfield vena caval filter. Surgery . 1988; 104 706-712
- 25 Greenfield L J, Peyton R, Crute S, Barnes R. Greenfield vena caval filter experience. Late results in 156 patients. Arch Surg . 1981; 116 1451-1456
- 26 Greenfield L J, Zocco J, Wilk J, Schroeder T M, Elkins, R C. Clinical experience with the Kim-Ray Greenfield vena caval filter. Ann Surg . 1977; 185 692-696
- 27 Kolachalam R B, Julian T B. Clinical presentation of thrombosed Greenfield filters. Vasc Surg . 1990; 666-670
- 28 Lang W, Schweiger H, Hofmann-Preiss K. Results of long-term venacavography study after placement of a Greenfield vena caval filter. J Cardiovasc Surg . 1992; 33 573-578
- 29 Dorfman G S, Cronan J J, Paolella L P. Iatrogenic changes at the venotomy site after percutaneous placement of the Greenfield filter. Radiology . 1989; 173 159-162
- 30 Kantor A, Glanz S, Gordon D H, Sclafani S J. Percutaneous insertion of the Kimray-Greenfield filter. Am J Roentgenol . 1987; 149 1065-1066
- 31 Wojtowycz M M, Stoehr T, Crummy A B, McDermott J C, Sproat I A. The Bird's nest inferior vena caval filter: review of a single-center experience. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1997; 8 171-179
- 32 Thomas J H, Cornell K M, Siegel E L, Sparks C, Rosenthal S J. Vena caval occlusion after Bird's nest filter placement. Am J Surg . 1998; 176 598-600
- 33 Nicholson A A, Ettles D F, Paddon A J, Dyet J F. Long-term follow-up of the Bird's nest IVC filter. Clin Radiol . 1999; 54 759-764
- 34 Mohan C R, Hoballah J J, Sharp W J. Comparative efficacy and complications of vena caval filters. J Vasc Surg . 1995; 21 235-246
- 35 Vesely T M. Technical problems and complications associated with inferior vena cava filters. Semin Intervent Radiol . 1994; 11 121-133
- 36 Roehm Jr O J, Thomas J W. The twist technique: a method to minimize wire prolapse during Bird's nest filter placement. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1995; 6 455-459
- 37 Engmann E, Asch M R. Clinical experience with the antecubital Simon nitinol IVC filter. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1998; 9 774-778
- 38 Simon M, Athanasoulis C A, Kim D. Simon nitinol inferior vena cava filter: Initial clinical experience. Radiology . 1989; 172 99-103
- 39 Dorfman G S. Percutaneous inferior vena caval filters. Radiology . 1990; 174 987-992
- 40 Athanasoulis C A, Kaufman J A, Halpern E F. Inferior vena caval filters: review of a 26-year single-center clinical experience. Radiology . 2000; 216 54-66
- 41 Poletti P A, Becker C D, Prina L. Long-term results of the Simon nitinol inferior vena cava filter. Eur Radiol . 1998; 8 289-294
- 42 Thomas D L, McFarland D R, Price M B, Thomas D L, Ferris E J. Fractures of Simon-nitinol inferior vena cava filters: follow-up experience. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1997; 8(Suppl 1) 197(Abstr)
- 43 Bjarnason H, Yedlicka Jr W J, Hunter D W, Castaneda-Zuniga W R, Amplatz K. In vitro metal fatigue testing of inferior vena cava filters. Invest Radiol . 1994; 29 817-821
- 44 Greenfield L J, Cho K J, Tauscher J R. Evolution of hook design for fixation of the titanium Greenfield filter. J Vasc Surg . 1990; 12 345-353
- 45 Greenfield L J, Proctor M C, Cho K J. Extended evaluation of the titanium Greenfield vena caval filter. J Vasc Surg . 1994; 20 458-465
- 46 Crochet D P, Stora O, Ferry D. Vena Tech-LGM Filter: long-term results of a prospective study. Radiology . 1993; 188 857-860
- 47 Crochet D P, Brunel P, Trogrlic S. Long-term follow-up of Vena Tech-LGM filter: predictors and frequency of caval occlusion. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1999; 10 137-142
- 48 Cho K J, Greenfield L J, Proctor M C. Evaluation of a new percutaneous stainless steel Greenfield filter. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1997; 8 181-187
- 49 Johnson S P, Raiken D P, Grebe P J, Diffin D C, Leyendecker J R. Single institution prospective evaluation of the over-the-wire Greenfield vena caval filter. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1998; 9 766-773
- 50 Kadir S. Atlas of Normal and Variant Angiographic Anatomy. Philadelphia: W B Saunders 1991: 387-428
- 51 Hicks M E, Malden E S, Vesely T M, Picus D, Darcy M D. Prospective anatomic study of the inferior vena cava and renal veins: comparison of selective renal venography with cavography and relevance in filter placement. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1995; 6 721-729
- 52 Kaufman J A, Waltman A C, Rivitz S M, Geller S C. Anatomical observations on the renal veins and inferior vena cava at magnetic resonance angiography. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1995; 18 153-157
- 53 Trigaux J-P, Vandroogenbroek S, De Wispelaere J-F, Lacrosse M, Jamart J. Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein: evaluation with spiral CT. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1998; 9 339-345
- 54 Boyd-Kranis R, Sullivan K L, Eschelman D J, Bonn J, Gardiner G A. Accuracy and safety of carbon dioxide inferior vena cavography. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1999; 10 1183-1189
- 55 Kaufman J A, Geller S C, Bazari H, Waltman A C. Gadolinium-based contrast agents as an alternative at vena cavography in patients with renal insufficiency-early experience. Radiology . 1999; 212 280-284
- 56 Sing R F, Cicci C K, Smith C H, Messick W J. Bedside insertion of inferior vena cava filters in the intensive care unit. J Trauma . 1999; 47 1104-1107
- 57 Sato D T, Robinson K D, Gregory R T. Duplex directed caval filter insertion in multi-trauma and critically ill patients. Ann Vasc Surg . 1999; 13 365-371
- 58 Tola J C, Holtzman R, Lottenberg L. Bedside placement of inferior vena cava filters in the intensive care unit. Am Surg . 1999; 65 833-838
- 59 Kim D, Edelman R P, Margolin C J. The Simon nitinol filter: evaluation by MR and ultrasound. Angiology . 1992; 43 541-548
- 60 Pasto M E, Kurtz A B, Jarrell B E. The Kimray-Greenfield filter: evaluation by duplex real-time/pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Radiology . 1983; 148 223-226
- 61 Markel A, Goldman M L, Coldwell D M, Manzo R A, Strandness D E. Follow-up of percutaneously placed inferior vena cava filters by duplex scanning. J Vasc Technol . 1992; 16 74-78
- 62 Bonn J, Liu J-B, Eschelman D J. Intravascular ultrasound as an alternative to filter placement. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1999; 10 843-849
- 63 McCowan T C, Ferris E J, Carver D K. Inferior vena caval filter thrombi: evaluation with intravascular US. Radiology . 1990; 177 783-788
- 64 Marx M V, Tauscher J R, Williams D M, Greenfield L J. Evaluation of the inferior vena cava with intravascular US after Greenfield filter placement. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1991; 2 261-268
- 65 Kaufman J A, Geller S C, Rivitz S M, Waltman A C. Operator errors during percutaneous placement of vena cava filters. Am J Roentgenol . 1995; 165 1281-1287
- 66 Becker D M, Philbrick J T, Selby J B. Inferior vena cava filters: indications, safety, effectiveness. Arch Intern Med . 1992; 152 1985-1994
- 67 Kaufman J A, Thomas J W, Geller S C, Rivitz S M, Waltman A C. Guidewire entrapment by inferior vena caval filters: in vitro evaluation. Radiology . 1996; 198 71-76
- 68 Denny Jr F D, Dorfman G S, Cronan J J. Greenfield filter: percutaneous placement in 50 patients. Am J Roentgenol . 1988; 150 427-429
- 69 Molgaard C P, Yucel E K, Geller S C, Knox T A, Waltman A C. Access-site thrombosis after placement of inferior vena cava filters with 12-14-F delivery sheaths. Radiology . 1992; 185 257-261
- 70 Thompson B H, Cragg A H, Smith T P. Thrombus-trapping efficiency of the Greenfield filter in vivo. Radiology . 1989; 172 979-981
- 71 Katsamouris A A, Waltman A C, Delichatsios M A, Athanasoulis C A. Inferior vena cava filters: in vitro comparison of clot trapping and flow dynamics. Radiology . 1988; 166 361-366
- 72 Simon M. Vena cava filters: prevalent misconceptions. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1999; 10 1021-1024
- 73 Taheri S A, Kulaylat M N, Johnson E, Hoover E. A complication of the Greenfield filter: fracture and distal migration of two struts-a case report. J Vasc Surg . 1992; 16 96-99
- 74 Kupferschmid J P, Dickson C S, Townsend R N, Diamond D L. Small-bowel obstruction from an extruded Greenfield filter strut: an unusual late complication. J Vasc Surg . 1992; 16 113-115
- 75 Hirsh J, Hoak J. Management of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Circulation . 1996; 93 2212-2245
- 76 Tai N RM, Atwal A S, Hamilton G. Modern management of pulmonary embolism. Br J Surg . 1999; 86 853-868
- 77 Goldhaber S Z. Optimizing anticoagulant therapy in the management of pulmonary embolism. Semin Thromb Hemost . 1999; 25(Suppl 3) 129-133
- 78 David W, Gross W S, Colaiuta E, Gonda R, Osher D, Lanuti S. Pulmonary embolus after vena cava filter placement. Am Surg . 1999; 65 341-346
- 79 Ortega M, Gahtan V, Roberts A, Matsumoto T, Kerstein M. Efficacy of anticoagulation post-inferior vena caval filter placement. Am Surg . 1998; 64 419-423
- 80 Cope C, Baum R A, Duszak Jr A R. Temporary use of a bird's nest filter during iliocaval thrombolysis. Radiology . 1996; 198 765-767
- 81 Goto Y, Niwa A, Korenaga T. The efficacy of temporary inferior vena caval filter in the prevention or treatment of pulmonary thrombolytic embolism (PTE). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1997; 20(Suppl 1) S127 Abstract
- 82 Miller W J, Pieters P C. Temporary filter/infusion catheter system: indications, uses, and technical notes. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1996; 7(Suppl 1) 290 Abstract
- 83 Vorwerk D, Schmitz-Rode T, Schürmann K, Tacke J, Guenther R W. Use of a temporary caval filter to assist percutaneous iliocaval thrombectomy: experimental results. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1995; 6 737-740
- 84 Bovyn G, Gory P, Reynaud P, Ricco J-B. The Tempofilter: a multicenter study of a new temporary caval filter implantable for up to six weeks. Ann Vasc Surg . 1997; 11 520-528
- 85 Kelly I MG, Boyd C S. Buckling of the tethering catheter causes migration of a temporary caval filter to the right atrium. Clin Radiol . 1999; 54 398-401
- 86 Rossi, P, Arata F M, Bonaiuti P, Pedicini V. Fatal outcome in atrial migration of the Tempofilter. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1999; 22 227-231
- 87 Neuerburg J M, Günther R W, Vorwerk D. Results of a multicenter study of the retrievable Tulip Vena Cava Filter: early clinical experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1997; 20 10-16
- 88 Millward S F. Temporary and retrievable inferior vena cava filters: current status. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1998; 9 381-387
- 89 Greenfield L J, Proctor M C. Suprarenal filter placement. J Vasc Surg . 1998; 28 432-438
- 90 Matchett W J, Jones M P, McFarland D R, Ferris E J. Suprarenal vena caval filter placement: follow-up of four filter types in 22 patients. J Vasc Intervent Radiol . 1998; 9 588-593
- 91 Peyton J WR, Stewart J R, Greenfield L J, Crute S L. Hemodynamics and renal function following experimental suprarenal vena caval occlusion. Surg Gynecol Obstet . 1982; 155 37-42
- 92 Horattas M C, Wright D J, Fenton A H. Changing concepts of deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity: report of a series and review of the literature. Surgery . 1988; 104 561-567
- 93 Monreal M, Lafoz E, Ruiz J, Valls R, Alastrue A. Upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A prospective study. Chest . 1991; 99 280-283
- 94 Spence L D, Gironta M G, Malde H M, Mickolick C T, Geisinger M A, Dolmatch B L. Acute upper extremity deep venous thrombosis: safety and effectiveness of superior vena caval filters. Radiology . 1999; 210 53-58
- 95 Ascer E, Gennaro M, Lorensen E, Pollina R M. Superior vena caval Greenfield filters: indications, techniques, and results. J Vasc Surg . 1996; 23 498-503